Big Brother in 1984 and The Children’s Story Essay -- George Orwell

Fear, an emotion that takes control oer you, forces you to act in a certain way and refrain from taking certain risks. Fear takes over us day after day. We fear dying, losing, and failing. In the world of 1984, fear not only controls people individually, save gentle kind as a whole. Leaders of the Inner Party, and the ultimate leader Big Brother controlled the people of Oceania by their fears. Through revolt, love, technology, and control over history Party members became restricted in every aspect of human nature. In 1984, free thought is revolt. Physical actions of rebellion never occurred in the world created by George Orwell. Due to the lack of freedom of thought by Big Brother people turned to thought in order to escape the brutal world. Any thinking outside of the intentional thought of the Party was a thought crime (13). Thought about uprising, or any thought of hatred directed towards the Party was a crime. each thought was an act of rebellion. Winston commits many thoug ht crimes throughout the book, and in the end, the Thought Police arrest him. Not only did he rebel in thought, further attempted to make a physical revolt by joining the brotherhood (171). Physical relationships and love also rebel against the party. They dislike any human relationships that are not for the benefit of the Party, like Winston and Julias relationship. Attempting to hide their relationship, the two must sneak around telescreens to continue their connection. Winston protested in his own way against the Party, but in the end he failed by falling in love with Big Brother (298). Love still exists in the novel 1984 because everyone loves Big Brother, or will love him. Winston and Julia loved each other, though arguably their loved centered more ... ... show the easy manipulation of children. The main message of the Childrens Story tells us that the unawareness of children and adults makes it easy to control and influence thoughts and beliefs. In 1984, Winston tells us th at the people incapable of understanding the Partys view, prove to be the ones most successfully taught it (156). These people could never fully grasp the flagrant violations of reality and never understood what the Party demanded of them (156). The messages of both 1984 and The Childrens Story give a strong message to our government, keep people informed. Children invite to be aware who they are pledging their allegiance too, and why they pray to God, and who God even is. Adults need to be aware of governmental issues, especially with politics. People need to be mindful of what each politician stands for and know what their beliefs are.

Biometrics are New Technological Tools in Computer Security :: essays research papers

As a result of the evolution in the field of biometric computer pledge tools, a bracing class of techniques and methods for workoutr identification has erupted. Fingerprint and slew patterns, voice information, iris and facial s arouses, as well as skin patterns and bruise cards, have any been used in justifying individuals on who they claim to be based on their unique characteristics. Although still relatively new, these innovative technologies are already being demanded by not only consumers but as well as the government to dish out find new methods of passport usage, border control, and uncorrupted security matters (Kooser, 2006, p.74). Fortunately, biometric technology has already reached a level of development that allows its potential acceptance into this current day and age. So far in the development of biometrics, reproduce s advisening has taken main control of the market. Ink fingermarks have been used for years by police in investigations to identify criminal s. Now with technological advances, the use of small digital imaging devices has replaced old ways of capturing fingertips. Portable or built into keyboards, fingerprint scanners have the ability to capture the print, digitalize it and convert it into numeral characters. Additionally, when used for password recognition it is clear that the main reason for the biometric is simply because individuals can not remember their usernames or even passwords. The efficiency of this technology is so precise that it is rapid and easier to login, impossible to forget because it is and individuals own finger, and nearly unreasonable to lose because in most cases the digital scanner is built into the computer (Kok, 2006, p. 576). In fact fingerprint biometrics is being highly considered by the government to be placed on boarders as well as passports. With todays war on terror many official feel that it is necessary to take in all precautions and heighten the United States security (Mocny, 2005 p.38). Biometrics can absolutely help move forward in government security.Although hand biometrics is not nearly as popular as fingerprint recognition within computers, this communicative body part can be used to identify individuals on a wider basis. Capture units, which are the devices that can receive the biometric hand print, have the talent to withstand temperature and weather damages. And most devices can still recognize the hand even when it is dirty, something a detailed fingerprint scanner can not (Kooser, 2006, p.74). wrangle is so common to our everyday lives that it is often forgotten that voices are distinct and unique to every individual.Biometrics are New expert Tools in Computer Security essays research papersAs a result of the evolution in the field of biometric computer security tools, a new class of techniques and methods for user identification has erupted. Fingerprint and hand patterns, voice recognition, iris and facial scans, as well as skin patterns a nd smart cards, have all been used in justifying individuals on who they claim to be based on their unique characteristics. Although still relatively new, these innovative technologies are already being demanded by not only consumers but as well as the government to help find new methods of passport usage, border control, and mere security matters (Kooser, 2006, p.74). Fortunately, biometric technology has already reached a level of development that allows its potential acceptance into this current day and age. So far in the development of biometrics, fingerprint scanning has taken main control of the market. Ink fingerprints have been used for years by police in investigations to identify criminals. Now with technological advances, the use of small digital imaging devices has replaced old ways of capturing fingertips. Portable or built into keyboards, fingerprint scanners have the ability to capture the print, digitalize it and convert it into mathematical characters. Additional ly, when used for password recognition it is clear that the main reason for the biometric is simply because individuals can not remember their usernames or even passwords. The efficiency of this technology is so precise that it is faster and easier to login, impossible to forget because it is and individuals own finger, and nearly unreasonable to lose because in most cases the digital scanner is built into the computer (Kok, 2006, p. 576). In fact fingerprint biometrics is being highly considered by the government to be placed on boarders as well as passports. With todays war on terror many official feel that it is necessary to take in all precautions and heighten the United States security (Mocny, 2005 p.38). Biometrics can absolutely help move forward in government security.Although hand biometrics is not nearly as popular as fingerprint recognition within computers, this expressive body part can be used to identify individuals on a wider basis. Capture units, which are the device s that can receive the biometric hand print, have the capability to withstand temperature and weather damages. And most devices can still recognize the hand even when it is dirty, something a detailed fingerprint scanner can not (Kooser, 2006, p.74). Speech is so common to our everyday lives that it is often forgotten that voices are distinct and unique to every individual.

Marriage Proposal in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Pride Prejudice Essa

Marriage Proposal in Pride and Prejudice During Pride and Prejudice there are six examples of joinproposals to consider. Throughout this examine I am going to becommenting on the proposals between Mr Darcy and Lizzie the firsttime, Mr Collins and Lizzie, Mr Collins and Char clusteringte as well as MrBingley and Jane, Wickham and Lydia and the second proposal of MrDarcy to Lizzie. Whilst tone at these proposals I will also beanalysing the aspects of Love, Money, the relative status and classand the views of others, which might have influence within theseproposals.The first proposal I am going to analyse is Mr Darcy to Lizzie. MrDarcy proposed to Lizzie in Kent at Mr Collins and Charlottes housewhen Lizzie was visiting them for a few weeks and Mr Darcy was stayingwith Lady Catherine De Bourgh, his aunt. Mr Darcy and Lizzie werefirst acquainted with one other at Netherfields, which is theneighbouring estate to Longbourne, Lizzies family house. They met ata b alone, which was held by the new lodger Mr Bingley at Netherfields,and Mr Darcy was there as a friend of Mr Bingleys who hosting theball for his new comer to the village. Lizzie and Darcy didnt geton at first as Lizzie imagination he was arrogant and unsociable. But MrDarcys dislike for Lizzie gradually grew to love for her. It seemsthat the continuation of this dislike was all a cover for his realfeelings as he did not want to love or marry a woman who was downstairshim in every state, money and status and especially the views ofothers would of discouraged him to act upon his feelings for Lizzie ashe was thought of as much more superior to Lizzie and her family andat that time it was thought of as wrong or unheard of to mar... ...an to get married over that age.There were also many issues that a woman had to think about in advancethey got married, whether they were in love which wasnt a major issuebut it was though of as a bonus if they were. Money and status playeda commodious role in deciding who t o marry, rich men went for women of thesame class or a bit higher which made it difficult for woman of alower class or without much wealth to marry a wealthier or higherclassed man. It was thought of as unethical to marry someone beneathyou in any state. The influence of others played a big role in thosedays as people were put under a lot of pressure to get married as soonas possible and to someone higher up the society ladder. As you cansee the attitudes to marriage in the 19th Century in which thesecharacters lived in is very different to the attitudes in which welive in today.

Agricultural Subsidies: Their Original Purpose and Impact Today Essay

Agricultural Subsidies Their received Purpose and Impact TodayContentsIntroduction What be Farm Subsidies?3Government noise in Agribusiness7The Reality9Works Cited12Introduction What are Farm Subsidies?The Agriculture sector has modificationd monumentally over the past coulomb in response to vast economic change and technological advancements. Farm subsidies are various forms of wagess from the federal government put in place in an effort to stabilize prices, keep farmers in business, and check out quality of crops. The federal government currently pays $20 jillion in interchange each year to US farmers and spent an estimated $250 billion between 1995-2005. Presently, a new farm bill is passed every five years with the most recent being in 2013 . Although there are small changes with each predate Farm agitate the permanent pieces of legislation requiring US Department of Agriculture to control pricing and square off supplies date back to the 19th century. The Commodity recognise Corporation (CCC) finances subsidies and buys surplus food to regulate and steady farm income. There are without delay eights various subsidies Direct Payments, Countercyclical Payments, Export Subsidies, Conservation Subsidies, selling Loans, Agricultural Research and Assistance, Disaster Aid, and Insurance. 1)Direct Payments 5 billion annuallyThe federal government pays cash subsidies to landowners who produce wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, oats, cotton, rice, soybean, minor oil seeds and peanuts. This combination of crops are considered to be the top ten crucial commodities. A direct payment is equal to the product of the payment rate for the specific crop, the diachronic payment acres, and the historical payment yield fo... ...z2yiN9IUsy. Nathaniel, Jeroime. Farm Bill 2013 An Inside Look At the Most Important Bill Youve Never Heard Of. PolicyMic. Oct. 2013. 13 Apr. 2014 . Peterson, E. Wesley F. A billion dollars a day The economics and politics of agricultural subs idies. Malden, MA Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 11 Apr. 2014 . U.S. Farmers During the capacious Depression. Farm Collector. 13 Apr. 2014 . White, Deborah. What Are U.S. Farm Subsidies? About.com US Liberal Politics. 11 Apr. 2014 . Agricultural Subsidies Their Original Purpose and Impact Today EssayAgricultural Subsidies Their Original Purpose and Impact TodayContentsIntroduction What are Farm Subsidies?3Government Intervention in Agribusiness7The Reality9Works Cited12Introduction What are Farm Subsidies?The Agriculture sector has changed monumentally over the past century in response to vast economic change and technological advancements. Farm subsidies are various forms of payments from the federal government put in place in an effort to stabilize prices, keep farmers in business, and ensure quality of crops. The federal government currently pays $20 billion in cash each year to US farmers and spent an estim ated $250 billion between 1995-2005. Presently, a new farm bill is passed every five years with the most recent being in 2013 . Although there are small changes with each preceding Farm Bill the permanent pieces of legislation requiring US Department of Agriculture to control pricing and regulate supplies date back to the 19th century. The Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) finances subsidies and buys surplus food to regulate and steady farm income. There are presently eights various subsidies Direct Payments, Countercyclical Payments, Export Subsidies, Conservation Subsidies, Marketing Loans, Agricultural Research and Assistance, Disaster Aid, and Insurance. 1)Direct Payments 5 billion annuallyThe federal government pays cash subsidies to landowners who produce wheat, corn, sorghum, barley, oats, cotton, rice, soybean, minor oil seeds and peanuts. This combination of crops are considered to be the top ten crucial commodities. A direct payment is equal to the product of the payment rate for the specific crop, the historical payment acres, and the historical payment yield fo... ...z2yiN9IUsy. Nathaniel, Jeroime. Farm Bill 2013 An Inside Look At the Most Important Bill Youve Never Heard Of. PolicyMic. Oct. 2013. 13 Apr. 2014 . Peterson, E. Wesley F. A billion dollars a day The economics and politics of agricultural subsidies. Malden, MA Wiley-Blackwell, 2009. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture. 11 Apr. 2014 . U.S. Farmers During the Great Depression. Farm Collector. 13 Apr. 2014 . White, Deborah. What Are U.S. Farm Subsidies? About.com US Liberal Politics. 11 Apr. 2014 .

Diet for a Capitalist America :: Health Eating Food essays

Diet for a Capitalist America In the book Diet for a New America basin Robbins, stresses the importance of a healthier, more environmentally conscious diet.A revolutionary document of truth and exposure. John Robbins, in a selfless quest to tell the extensive reprocussions of our eating habits and choices, exposes and tenaciously documents hidden facts, this work single handedly convince even the most stubborn anti-vegetarians to take a serious look at the effects of their choices. A must have for anyone who seeks lasting commitment to a more kinder and healthier life. Lance ZimmerThis book creates an utopian vision of how the plenty of the arena could soundly sustain themselves by eating grains and vegetables and conscientiously drifting away from our more consumptive and carnivorous ways. The book provides us with a assertable and tangible solution to the problems of hunger, diseases and environmental destruction. The Diet for a New America is a tool at work to fight against the realities of the modern demesne, a world that lives on a Diet for a Capitalist America.The reality of the mocking Diet for a Capitalist America is an industrial diet created by our industrial world. The diet that most Americans pull round on today is one that has been created out of capitalism. If we look at a society built by capitalism and industrialism than we will see a diet, which is all the way representative of these ways. Our diet, the food we consume is clearly a product of our lifestyles. In looking at who we are and what we eat, we can see a reflection of the world in which we live.Looking back in time at human civilization prior to urbanization the human animal lived off of the land eating small animals, seeds, roots, seafood and wild fruit. This natural diet the diet that we evolved eating, is the healthiest diet for the human animal and one that we have been eating for the two million years forwards urbanization. Since than in the last 100 years, 50 years, even in the last 20 years our diet has changed tremendously as has the world. Society has moved from a feudal agrarian regionally oriented society to an industrial technical world encompassing society. At the time of the industrial revolution in England, multitude were recognizing fried potato, fried fish, white bread, hamburgers, chicken, crisps and other stabilized and processed plant and animal products as being what food is.

Diet for a Capitalist America :: Health Eating Food essays

Diet for a Capitalist America In the handwriting Diet for a New America bum Robbins, stresses the importance of a healthier, more environmentally conscious regimen.A revolutionary document of truth and exposure. John Robbins, in a selfless quest to discover the extensive reprocussions of our eating habits and choices, exposes and tenaciously documents hidden facts, this work single handedly convince even the most stroppy anti-vegetarians to take a serious look at the effects of their choices. A must spend a penny for anyone who seeks lasting commitment to a more kinder and healthier life. depute ZimmerThis book creates an utopian vision of how the people of the world could soundly sustain themselves by eating grains and vegetables and conscientiously drifting away from our more tubercular and carnivorous ways. The book provides us with a possible and tangible solution to the problems of hunger, diseases and environmental destruction. The Diet for a New America is a tool at work to fight against the realities of the modern world, a world that lives on a Diet for a Capitalist America.The reality of the mocking Diet for a Capitalist America is an industrial aliment created by our industrial world. The diet that most Americans subsist on today is one that has been created out of capitalism. If we look at a society built by capitalism and industrialism than we will see a diet, which is clearly representative of these ways. Our diet, the food we consume is clearly a product of our lifestyles. In looking at who we are and what we eat, we can see a reflection of the world in which we live.Looking back in time at human civilization prior to urbanisation the human animal lived off of the land eating small animals, seeds, roots, seafood and wild fruit. This natural diet the diet that we evolved eating, is the healthiest diet for the human animal and one that we have been eating for the two million years before urbanization. Since than in the last 100 years, 50 yea rs, even in the last 20 years our diet has changed tremendously as has the world. Society has moved from a feudal agrarian regionally oriented society to an industrial technical world encompassing society. At the time of the industrial revolution in England, people were recognizing fried potato, fried fish, white bread, hamburgers, chicken, crisps and other stabilized and processed plant and animal products as existence what food is.

Interpersonal Relationship Essay

IntroductionNursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of wellness and abilities, prevention of affection and injury, on the wholeeviation of suffering through the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the care of individuals, families, communities, and populations.American Nurses Association (ANA)An interpersonal relationship is an association amid two or more people that may vomit from fleeting to enduring. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_relationship). Seemingly to Hildegard Peplau, nursing is an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two or more individuals with a common goal. Peplau, emphasized the hold dear-client relationship as the foundation of nursing practice.A therapeutic nurse- per cut offing relationship is situated as a constituent relationship thats base on mutual trust and respect, the nurturing of faith and hope, universe sensitive to self and other(a)s, and assisting with the gratification of your affected roles physical, emotional, and spiritual need through your knowledge and skill. This condole with relationship wins when you and your persevering come together in the moment, which results in harmony and healing. Effective verbal and nonverbal communication is an of the essence(predicate) part of the nurse-patient interaction, as well as providing care in a manner that en subjects your patient to be an equal partner in achieving wellness. (Pullen & Mathias 2010)Patient-centered communication is a basic component of nursing which facilitates the development of a positive nurse-patient relationship and along with other organizational factors, results in the delivery of prime(prenominal) nursing care.In most instances, a nurse plays an essential role in the life of a patient. The concerns and cares they give to their patients is a big factor that uplifts all(prenominal) ones spirit, therefore the goal of the nurses of Olivarez College BSN IV is to create a ha rmonious relationship between their patients through a well organize and meaningful interactions.The study of the relationship between patient and nurse is key to see how efficient a patient recovers, to understand his illness fully whether theres a accident of recovery or nonhing to expect at all. Moreover, the role of the nurse is to lessen the emotional and physical pain of every patient. In careing with these, a need for better communication strategies and methods should be applied. There may be some existing practices exercised by hospitals for their nurses and patients, but a thorough study to remedy it better is an advantage. (Cruz, JA 2010)One thoroughly way of communicating with a patient is by merely listening to them. Letting them express their thoughts and anxieties may help them opinion better. Furthermore, an discretion smile, a exhaustively sense of humor, a compassionate outlook and friendly gestures can alleviate their pain and anxiety. The focus of this r esearch is the patients perception of an effective nurse-patient relationship. The most common method of interaction is communication. Communication is the sending of ones information to another and may be done verbally or non-verbally.Background of the StudyAn internal fuss of nurses is common. There are so many things to adjust especially working with people that they knew for the 1st time. An interpersonal problem not only occurs with co-workers, it can also be applied with nurse-patient relationship. Everyday disparate types of patient are being encountered by the nurses.This study gives interest to the researchers to develop and enhanced interpersonal skills and confidence during nurse-patient interaction in the area. Mostly, nurses do not practice respectable communication skills because of low-self esteem to deal with the patient, resulting to the insufficient gathering of important details and information on the patients data. Nursing students should practice well on und erdeveloped nurse-patient relationship to be an effective and a dependent nurse. Nurse has important role enhancing communication skills.Nurses play an important role in health communication. They are the ones who are always in close march with the patients. Having effective communication skills and being able to employ them in communicating to the patients is very essential for every nurse. A nurse must be able to communicate effectively to the patient, its family and their co-workers, as well.It is important for health care personnel to understand the doubts, fears and the anxieties of the patients who come to them for treatment. It is equally important to talk in an understanding quality to those who have not voiced their fears but are obviously scared. Patience is also essential in dealing with hard headed and unbeliever patients especially when the patient is suffering and in pain during medication and they tend to refuse taking medicines anymore. Nurses feel a sense of acco mplishment when they give a positive regularize on their clients health status. Learning experiences with simulation offer the nursing student an opportunity to further develop knowledge, skills and critical thinking abilities preliminary to practicing in the clinical setting. Role play, as well as manikin use, can enhance the nursing students ability to respond to a variety of patient care scenarios before actually encountering them in the clinical setting (Billings & Halstead, 2005).Active learning with immediate feedback reinforces the nursing students functioning and confidence in relating to patients and other professionals in the healthcare setting (Billings & Halstead, 2005). A student nurse can easily relate to the military post of their patients in basis of their know-how and further sturdy of their illnesses. This study aims to know how patients can perceive and cooperate for the fulfilment of their rehabilitation. Cutcliffe and McKenna (2005) reported that during tre atment, hospital and community patients interact more with nurses than with any other health professional in the multidisciplinary team. These authors also highlighted that nurses are continuing to expand their role into medical and even surgical practice. Nursing proves as difficult to define as care, which means that the role of the nurse and how it is differentiated from other health professions is often misunderstood. Perhaps nurses provide care and doctors provide treatment, but (McMahon 2007) argues that neither addresses the skills and knowledge needed in modern nursing to provide good-quality care, nor explains why students take three years to train before they become qualified nurses.Since Florence nightingales time, nursing could be seen as having moved from a task-oriented practice towards a therapeutic process that encompasses a wide range of nursing roles, focused on the individual patient and his or her health and well-being. (McMahon 2007) attempts to define therapeu tic nursing abilities as being characterized by six skills developing the nurse-patient relationship caring and comforting using evidence-based physical interventions teaching manipulating the environment adopting complementary health practices. These are all the skills developed by nurses during their pre-registration education all of them remove good communication skills for effectiveness. It appears that this argument supports the notion that nursing, in addition to the applied knowledge and attitude, is underpinned essentially by communication skills.Review of Related Literature and Studies irrelevantThe relationship between the nurse and the patient is often seen as a therapeutic relationship in itself that is based on partnership, intimacy, and reciprocity (McMahon, 2007). Its purpose is different from a social relationship in that it has a focus on the patients well-being as a priority, and the nurse and the patient do not need to have anything in common or even handle each other (Arnold and Boggs, 2006).This relationship can last only fivesome minutes in an accident and emergency department or primary care practice, or can continue and develop for months or years during degenerative illness management. It can be intensely personal when breaking bad news, or quite superficial such as when directing a patient to the appropriate clinic room. However, all of these scenarios are nurse-patient encounters that impart to the patient something of the support and meaningfulness of their engagement with health care. They tell the patient whether they are viewed as important and valued, and whether they will be listed to or discriminated against.Since Florence Nightingales time, nursing could be seen as having moved from a task-oriented practice towards a therapeutic process that encompasses a wide range of nursing roles, focused on the individual patient and his or her health and well-being. (McManhon 2007) attempts to define therapeutic nursing abilities as being characterized by six skills developing the nurse-patient relationship caring and comforting using evidence-based physical interventions teaching manipulating the environment adopting complementary health practices.These skills are developed by nurses during their pre-registration education all of them demand good communication skills for effectiveness. It appears that this argument supports the notion that nursing, in addition to the applied knowledge and attitude, is underpinned essentially by communication skills.For instance, reticence from the others may remind encouraging remarks of prompt questioning timing of social responses This requires the communicator to know when to speak, when to listen, when to interrupt or prompt, or when to take the lead or be led. Self-presentation A good communicator has self-awareness and is able to use this self-knowledge to present themselves to the other. This gives the other feedback somewhat who the communicator is and therefore how to interpret and respond to them. For instance, sitting in a forward-leaning position assures the other that they are being listened to. Rewardingness This is the ability to engage the other in the communication and know how to reward communication behaviour.For instance, using nods, smiles, and eye contact encourages someone to talk about themselves. For instance, if they bring in that being dressed formally is off putting to a young teenager, they can respond by removing a tie or rolling up their sleeves. Argyle breaks communication skills down into behavioural skills rather than skills of insight, understanding, and cognition. Another definition of good communication comes from (Becker et al.) who suggest that skilful communicator must be able to spot the emotions or intent expressed by the other person and make sophisticated judgements about the form and timing of the appropriate response .In this definition, the virtuoso(prenominal) communicator uses accurate perception and good judgement to understand the interactions and know how to make appropriate judgements. It may be that all of these factors are part of the skills of a good communicatorthat skills are made up of a good sense of reality, awareness of self and others, accurate reading of locatings, good timing, and ability to use the self to facilitate meaningful and positive communication. Many of these skills can be learnt and developed through the practice and through personal development by improving self-awareness, and awareness and understanding of other people and heir cognitive and emotional states.Related StudiesPatients Perceptions of Interpersonal Continuity of Care by Nancy Pandhi, MD and pot W. Saultz, MD (2005) this is the qualitative and three-figure study of Interpersonal continuity of care is important to a majority of patients, particularly those from vulnerable groups. Patients value the relationship with their physician, their physicians knowledge about them, and the abilit y to communicate their concerns. Over time, contact with a physician seems to lead to the development of trust and confidence. However, continuity of care is not valued by all patients or across all settings.Nurse-patient relationship analysis of problems Encountered by the nursing students of Olivarez College (2010). In this study the purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, describe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to observe as a starting point for the hypothesis be it as general or supposition development. The see analyzed the data of the faculty needs of the nursing college department, the degree on which these needs were met.SynthesisPatients Perceptions of Interpersonal Continuity of Care by Nancy Pandhi, MD and John W. Saultz, MD (2005) this is the qualitative and quantitative study of Interpersonal continuity of care is important to a majority of patients, particularly those from vulnerable groups. Patients value the relationsh ip with their physician, their physicians knowledge about them, and the ability to communicate their concerns. Over time, contact with a physician seems to lead to the development of trust and confidence. However, continuity of care is not valued by all patients or across all settings.The studies utilized results quantitative (19/36), qualitative (16/36), or mixed methods (1/36). The largest number of the studies (15/36) took place in the join States. Several took place in the United Kingdom (8/36), The Netherlands (4/36), and Canada (4/36). The remainder took place in other European countries (2/36), Australia (2/36) or both the United States and England (1/36). All recruited patients from ambulant settings. A summary of results from these studies regarding our stage settingual questions is reported below.Nurse-patient relationship analysis of problems Encountered by the nursing students of Olivarez College (2010). In this study the purpose of descriptive studies is to observe, d escribe and document aspects of a situation as it naturally occurs and sometimes to observe as a starting point for the hypothesis be it as general or theory development. The survey analyzed the data of the faculty needs of the nursing college department, the degree on which these needs were met.According to researchers, this study is a qualitative phenomological research to a patient-centered communication is a basic component of nursing which facilitates the development of a positive nurse-patient relationship and along with other organizational factors, results in the delivery of quality nursing care. In most instances, a nurse plays an essential role in the life of a patient. The concerns and cares they give to their patients is a big factor that uplifts each ones spirit, therefore the goal of nurses of Olivarez College BSN IV is to create a harmonious relationship between their patients through a well-organized and meaningful interactions.Theoretical mannikinThis study is base d on Hildegard Peplaus Theory of Interpersonal Relations. The Theory of Interpersonal Relations is a middle-range descriptive classification theory. It was influenced by Henry bay window Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elger Miller.The four components of the theory are person, which is a developing organism that tries to reduce anxiety caused by needs environment, which consists of existing forces outside of the person, and put in the context of culture health, which is a word symbol that implies forward movement of personality and other human processes toward creative, constructive, productive, personal, and community living.The nursing model identifies four sequential phases in the interpersonal relationship orientation, appellation, exploitation, and resolution.The orientation phase defines the problem. It starts when the nurse meets the patient, and the two are strangers. After defining the problem, the orientation phase identifies the type of service neede d by the patient. The patient seeks assistance, tells the nurse what he or she needs, asks questions, and shares preconceptions and expectations based on past experiences. Essentially, the orientation phase is the nurses assessment of the patients health and situation.The identification phase includes the selection of the appropriate assistance by a professional. In this phase, the patient begins to feel as if he or she belongs, and feels capable of dealing with the problem which decreases the feeling of helplessness and hopelessness. The identification phase is the development of a nursing care plan based on the patients situation and goals.The exploitation phase uses professional assistance for problem-solving alternatives. The advantages of the professional services used are based on the needs and interests of the patients. In the exploitation phase, the patient feels like an integral part of the helping environment, and may make minor requests or use attention-getting techniques . When communicating with the patient, the nurse should use interview techniques to explore, understand, and adequately deal with the underlying problem. The nurse must also be aware of the various phases of communication since the patients independence is likely to fluctuate. The nurse should help the patient exploit all avenues of help as progress is made toward the final phase. This phase is the implementation of the nursing plan, taking actions toward meeting the goals set in the identification phase.The final phase is the resolution phase. It is the termination of the professional relationship since the patients needs have been met through the collaboration of patient and nurse. They must sever their relationship and dissolve any ties between them. This can be difficult for both if psychological dependence still exists. The patient drifts away from the nurse and breaks the confederation between them. A healthier emotional balance is achieved and both become mature individuals. This is the evaluation of the nursing process.The nurse and patient evaluate the situation based on the goals set and whether or not they were met. The goal of psychodynamic nursing is to help understand ones own behavior, help others identify felt difficulties, and gain principles of human relations to the problems that come up at all experience levels. Peplau explains that nursing is therapeutic because it is a healing art, assisting a patient who is sick or in need of health care. It is also an interpersonal process because of the interaction between two or more individuals who have a common goal. The nurse and patient work together so both become mature and knowledgeable in the care process.

Homeland Security Phase Essay

The risk of terrorist act has especially been high following the September 11, 2001, round of attacks. The government and the people do bring on an inherent fear of terrorism, and the government and taken up many program and policies to counteract terrorism. The role of public in the way it could help prevent terrorism and reduce the risk is still being assessed. Besides, the terrorist organizations have also shifted their argonas of interest due to several(prenominal) reasons including a stronger stance by the government and the law-enforcing agencies, destruction of several of the terrorist bases and finances, and greater use of terrorists on creating losses in terms of man and money.Following the 9-11 attacks, the top leadership of several terrorists organizations has been weakened. These organizations have shifted their leadership from a alter system to a peripheral one. Although, the chances of coordinated attacks are less, there are increased chances of isolated incidents. However, these can claim a huge toll in terms of human life. After the happenings of September 11, the security in several parts of the US has been advanced. The incoming flights and airports have been thoroughly checked. As the security levels endure more and more harder, the terrorists aim at softer tar outwits (by which people would be completely caught unaware). These terrorists groups aim at specific targets (such as hotels, places of worship, shopping malls, airports, aircrafts, etc), where the toll on creation is high (Dixon & Reville).It is important that the risk of a terrorist threat not only be identified, but also develop a plan to manage the risk. The commission of the entire terrorist threat should be done in three steps. These include 1. Identification of the threat and assessment of the initial site/s The type, nature and the chance of a terrorist attack should closely be assessed. The intelligence agencies would have some measures in place by which such risks a re identified. They should also consider attacks on well-protected structures. The law-enforcing agencies should conduct a site assessment of the probable terrorist location to determine the level of protection that is actually present and the extent to which it can be improved. In this case, as the terrorist group is against capitalism, they would mostly attack a famous business building in the US City.2. Assessment of the risks The effects of the terrorist attack on a probable location should be closely assessed. Some of the common analysis that is conducted includes analysis of explosives and fritters, and threats arising from nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. Building and structures are closely assessed using the blast and explosive analysis. The agencies should conduct a detailed analysis of how the building would react to an explosive, and the amount/type of explosives that would be require to completely collapse the building. Specialized parcel tools are usually u tilized. Accordingly, the agencies can look out for the presence of such explosive in the building.3. Management of the risks This is similar to management of any other misfortune such as an earthquake or a tsunami. The risks have to be management at several periods depending on what intelligence the agencies would be obtaining. If the intelligence agencies get an idea that at a particular time, a specific building would be attacked, then it would make sure that the building is well protected and that the terrorists are caught. However, if the intelligence agencies do not get a specific idea, then it would have to increase the security measures in general and accordingly plan for an collar or a disaster, so as to reduce the causalities. Efforts should also be on to reduce the financial risks if possible. Insuring the high-risk areas can do this. (Gould, 2004),One of the theories utilized to counteract terrorism is the policy of pre-emption. According this theory, by acting first, an attack an effectively be prevented. The law-enforcement agencies should use preventive action against the terrorist in order to prevent a life-taking attack. Preemptive attacks could be considered as a separate law to launch an attack on the terrorist (Embrey, 2003).

Demand and Law of Demand Essay

Demand is the unbiddenness and ability of buyer to purchase different quantities of a good at different prices during a specific plosive speech sound of time. By definition, the law of demand refers to As the price of a good rises, metre demanded of that good falls as the price of a good falls, measuring demanded of that good rises, ceteris paribus. The Law of Demand states that people will buy more of a product at a lower price than at a higher price, if nothing changes. Besides that, it also states that at a lower price, more people can afford to buy more goods and more of an souvenir more frequently, than they can at a higher price. Other then that, it also states that at lower prices, people tend to buy some goods as a substitute for others more expensive. There are four ways to represent The Law of Demand1. In wordsAs price rises, amount demand falls, ceteris paribus.2. In symbols P(price)Q(quantity)3. In a demand schedule4. In a demand curveExplain bring and the law of supply.By definition, supply is the willingness and ability of sellers to produce and offer to sell different quantities of a good at different prices during specific period of time. Law of Supply refer to As the price of a good rises, the quantities supplied of the good rises and as the price of a goods falls, the quantities of the good falls The Law of Supply states that at higher prices, producers are willing to offer more products for sale than at lower prices. Besides that, it also states that the supply increases as prices increase and decreases as prices decrease. Other then that, it states that those already in businesses will try to increase productions as a way of increasing profits.How market equilibrium is achieved?Market equilibrium is a condition under which the quantity supplied is equal to the quantity demanded when a market is in equilibrium, there is no tendency for change. The equilibrium price is the price at which the quantity demanded is equal to the quantity s upplied. Shortages occur whenprice is below the equilibrium price shortages cause the price to rise. Surpluses occur when price is above the equilibrium price surpluses cause the price to fall.

Medieval Torture Paper

People have these romantic notions that the chivalrous sentence period was wide of knights in shining armor and fairytale princesses, when in in all reality, the chivalrous cartridge clip period was a bloodthirsty and violent time period. Government and phantasmal officials spend sadistic deformation to punish suspects and obtain confessions. Torture is the deliberate and cruel infliction of mental and physical raiseing to obtain entropy or for any other reason. The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear ( Lovecraft). The tools and devices used brought extreme pain to the dupe.This cruel infliction of mental and physical suffering was said to be done in the name of crime and its deserved punishment. It was in addition done as a means to intimidate a suspect or for revenge. The laws of this time period did not have any fixed rules for the treatment of prisoners or suspects. The different types of paroxysm were used depending on the victims crime and amicable st atus. The government turned its back on these practices, which lead to the creation of gory anguish chambers because of the misuse of freedom.In bigger ci obliges like London, crime was more raspingly enforced. A skilled paroxysmr used instruments, methods and devices to prolong life as long as they could, while inflicting the most pain before they actiond the victim. Many castles had aberration chambers in the dungeon or in the tallest pillar, where they can torture many victims at once. Medieval tortures had two types of devices. Devices they used to torture victims and devices they used to execute victims. Torture chambers of the gallant time period are designed to scare the victims.These chambers are built underground or in the tallest tower of the castle. When the victim enters the chamber, there awaits the torturer wearing a black hood with their face covered. The entrance of these chambers were accessed through winding passages, which served the function of muffling the screams of the victims throughout the rest of the castle. The torture chambers are small, usually eleven feet by seven feet. Most of the chambers were dingy, vermin infested and dimly lit.Tortures could hold ten to twenty victims in the way of life at once and would never clean the blood or frame of reference, so victims would suffer from diseases and viruses. Physical torture is the most common type of torture during the medieval time period. They created many types of torture devices that they would use on their victims to obtain confessions. Their method of torture depend on the victims crime and mixer class. What strikes us most in considering the knightly tortures is not so much their diabolical barbarity as the extraordinary variety, and what may be termed the artistic skill, they displayed.They represent a condition of thought in which men had pondered long and carefully on all the forms of suffering, had compared and combined the different kinds of torture, till they h ad become the most consummate masters of their art, had expended on the subject all the resources of the utmost ingenuity, and had pursued it with the ardour of a passion (Parry). During this time period there were no laws that stated how prisoners or suspects should be treated, so batch of this time period decided torture was the best.The government knew of these practices and turned their backs to them, which lead to the creation of gory torture devices. They created two different types of devices, ones they used for torture and ones they used for execution. These torture devices were feared among the people because they didnt want to be the torturers next victims. Some of the most gruesome and feared devices that were created were the judas cradle, brazen bull, the wheel, the stake, the rack, pear of anguish, and the breast ripper.The judas cradle was a terrible medieval torture device. The victims were placed on top of a pyramid-like seat. The victim was usually naked to increa se the humiliation and had their feet secure together. The tip of the pyramid was placed into the victims anus or vagina. This torture could last between a couple hours to a couple days. The time it took for a victim to die varied from victim to victim. To speed up the dying process, tortures would add weights to the victims legs or they would put oil on the device.Some torturers tried to speed up the process where as others tried to prolong the process as much as possible. Some tortures would lift the victim off the device at night with ropes and continue the torture in the morning. To obtain vital information from a victim, or if a victim refused to talk, the torturer would rock the victim on the pyramid, or make the victim fall repeatedly. The pyramid was never washed, so if the victim did not die quickly enough, or if the torture was interrupted, they would end up dying from and infection.The brazen bull was a hollow statue make out of assurance to look like a bull. First the victims tongue would be cut out, thence they were placed in the hollow statue. After the door was shut, a discharge would be lit around the bull. The movements and screams made the bull seem brisk, which brought amusement to the audience and took away from the fact that a person was being burnt alive inside the bull, because the people could not see or hear the victim. Legends say that the brazen bull was made by a Greek named Perillus. He made it for a tyrant.Expecting a reward, Perillus was the first person put into the bull. The wheel was one of the most adaptable torture devices the medieval time period used. Earlier torturers would tie victims to a wheel and send them rolling down a rocky hill side. Through the medieval time period torture devices became more elaborate. Torturers mount the wheel to a frame so it could spin freely. They would tie the victim to the wheel and place fire under the victim or spikes to rip the victims flesh to shreds. The wheel itself could have s pikes on it so pain came from all the different sides.The worst torture by the wheel was when the torturers broke all four of the victims limbs and weave them through the spokes on the wheel. The wheel would be attached to a tall pole and left outside. The rack is commonly considered the most painful form of medieval torture (Medievality). The rack was a wooden frame with two ropes tied at the bottom and two tied into a handle at the top. employ a handle that pulled the ropes, the torturer pulled the victims arms. After so long of the victim being pulled, the victims bones were dislocated.If the torturer kept pulling, the victims limbs could be torn apart. This method was mostly used for obtaining confessions, further it was also used to bring mental fear to the victims. If a torturer went too far, they could leave the arms and legs useless. As the medieval period advanced the rack was also advanced. Spikes were put on the wood frame to penetrate the victims back as their limbs w ere being pulled apart. Being burned at the stake was the last stop for the rack victims, because this torture was always fatal.All torturers had to do was make a pile of dry wood with a stake in the middle to tie the victim to, then light the wood. Most of the time it only took thirty minutes for the victim to lose consciousness, unless it was windy, then the victim could endure up to two hours of being burned alive. Before being burned at the stake, victims were tortured using other devices. Being burned at the stake was a public event where people brought their kids to watch, hoping to put fear in their minds, so that they wouldnt grow up and break the law. Torturers had special practices they used on women.Women only torturers were designed to destroy and compartmentalize aspects of femininity. The practice of sexually torturing women can be traced back to the roman times. Female victims were given to soldiers to be raped, or sent to brothels. They might be tied up or paraded through public streets naked. These public humiliations were sometimes followed by bizarre sexual mutilations (Grabianowski). Torturers were fixated on womens breasts. They would burn, brand and amputate them. The worst device used on a woman was the breast ripper. The breast ripper was a metal child that pierced the skin of the breasts.The victim would be tied to the wall and the claw would pull the breast away from the body, shredding them. This method was used as an interrogation practice or it would be used to punish women that had children without being married and or were convicted of hearsay, adultery or an accomplice of another crime. The pear of anguish of anguish was a torture device that was worse than the breast ripper. This torture device was a pear shaped device made up of four metal leaves joined by a hinge at the top along with a key or a crank. The pear could be inserted into the anus, vagina or the mouth.When the torturer turns the key, the pears leaves open up ca using internal damage. The orifice that trustworthy the pear was symbolic. If the victim received the oral pear they were convicted of hearsay. Anal pears were received by homosexuals and the vaginal pear was received by women. Tortures not only use physical torture, they also use psychological torture. Psychological torture uses non-physical methods of torture. Psychological torture of the medieval time period is not as well known as the physical torture the tortures inflict on their victims.Psychological torture is subtle and easier to conceal than physical torture. This type of torture uses extreme stressors and situations, like shunning, mock execution, violation of sexual or social norms and solitary confinement. Psychological torture can induce severe psychological pain, suffering and trauma with no visible effects. Tortures often use physical and psychological torture in combination, to make the effects more terrifying. If the victims survived the hours, even days of torture and werent put to execution, they suffered lasting physical and psychological effects.All the devices and torture tactic used in the medieval period left the victims permanently disfigured, mutilated and crippled. Prolonged confinement in a scavengers daughter would indicate the victim permanently unable to stand up (medievalwarefare). The torture brought immediate pain, but just because the torture stopped, doesnt mean the pain stopped unless the victim were put to execution. Victims of torture would suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder with symptoms such as flashbacks, intrusive thoughts, anxiety, insomnia, nightmares, depression and memory lapses.Victims also feel emotions like quilt and outrage brought on by the humiliation they have endured. Victims may also feel betrayed not only by themselves but by their family and friends. Not only do victims suffer from psychological effects, they also have physical effects that go along with their torture. Physical effects can b e wide ranging. They can suffer from sexually transmitted diseases, musculo-skeletal problems, brain injury, dementia and chronic pain syndromes. The medieval time period was a blood thirsty and violent period.They created numerous torture devices that they used on victims to obtain confessions. They also created torture chambers that were used to add psychological harm to the victim before they were tortured and then executed, depending on their crime and social class. They used psychological torture and physical torture like the judas cradle and the rack. If the victim was spared or wasnt killed by being tortured, they ended up with lasting mental and physical problems. They were left permanently disfigured, mutilated and crippled and also ended up with post-traumatic stress disorder.

Theory of Consumer Behavior

Chapter 4 Theory of Consumer Behavior Economics 11 UPLB fain by T. B. Paris, Jr. December 11, 2007 Theory of Consumer Behavior ? ? ? Useful for understanding the demand side of the market. Utility amount of satisfaction derived from the consumption of a good . measurement units ? utils Utility concepts ? ? cardinal public service program company assumes that we can assign values for utility, (Jevons, Walras, and Marshall). E. g. , derive 100 utils from eating a slice of pizza ordinal utility approach does not assign values, instead works with a ranking of preferences. Pareto, Hicks, Slutsky) Total utility and marginal utility ? ? Total utility (TU) the overall aim of satisfaction derived from consuming a good or service Marginal utility (MU) additional satisfaction that an individual derives from consuming an additional unit of a good or service. ? TU MU = ? Q Total utility and marginal utility Example (Table 4. 1) Q 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 TU 0 20 27 32 35 35 34 30 36 MU 20 7 5 3 0 -1 -4 ? ? ? ? TU, in general, increases with Q At some point, TU can start falling with Q see Q = 6) If TU is increasing, MU 0 From Q = 1 onwards, MU is declining ? principle of diminishing marginal utility ? As more than and more of a good are consumed, the process of consumption will (at some point) yield smaller and smaller additions to utility Total Utility Curve TU 35 Total utility(in utils) 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1 2 3 4 5 Quantity 6 Q Figure 4. 1 Marginal Utility Curve MU Marginal utility (in utils) 20 15 10 5 0 -5 Figure 4. 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 Quantity Q Consumer Equilibrium ? ?So far, we have assumed that any amount of goods and services are always available for consumption In reality, consumers face constraints (income and prices) Limited consumers income or budget ? Goods can be obtained at a price ? Some simplifying assumptions ? ? ? ? Consumers purpose to maximize his/her utility subject to income constraint 2 goods (X, Y) Prices Px, Py are fixed Consumers income (I) is give n Consumer Equilibrium ? Marginal utility per peso ? additional utility derived from dangleing the next peso on the good MU MU per peso = PConsumer Equilibrium ? Optimizing condition MU X MU Y = PX PY ? If MU X MU Y PX PY ? sp finish more on good X and less of Y Simple Illustration ? Suppose X = fishball Y = siomai ? Assume PX = 2 PY = 10 Numerical Illustration Qx 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUX 30 39 45 50 54 56 MUX 30 9 6 5 4 2 MUx Px 15 4. 5 3 2. 5 2 1 QY 1 2 3 4 5 6 TUY 50 105 148 178 198 213 MUY 50 55 43 30 20 15 MUy Py 5 5. 5 4. 3 3 2 1. 5 ? ? 2 potential optimum positions conspiracy A ? X = 3 and Y = 4 ? TU = TUX + TUY = 45 + 178 = 223 ? Combination B ? ? X = 5 and Y = 5 TU = TUX + TUY = 54 + 198 = 252 ? Presence of 2 potential equilibrium positions suggests that we need to consider income. To do so let us examine how much each consumer spends for each combination. Expenditure per combination ? ? Total expenditure = PX X + PY Y Combination A 3(2) + 4(10) = 46 ? Combination B 5(2) + 5(10) = 60 ? Scenarios If consumers income = 46, then the optimum is given by combination A. .Combination B is not affordable ? If the consumers income = 60, then the optimum is given by Combination B. Combination A is affordable but it yields a lower level of utility ? end

Explore the significance of the witches and the supernatural in the play Macbeth Essay

King James I strongly believed in witchcraft, and Shakespeare used this idea to appeal to him. Shakespeare used the ideas of witchcraft, kingship, and the moral tack together to enlarge the adjoin, as these themes were greatly admired in the Jacobean ere. The unfolding of the play contains many another(prenominal) subtle links to the supernatural. The three witches open the scene in an open plaza with thunder and lightning, which was believed in superstitious times that fierce storms released forces of evil, and were omens of unrest in individual masses and whole countries.I will be canvas the significance of the witches and I will be looking at the supernatural effects they have on the play Macbeth.Nowadays Macbeth is referred to by many people as The Scottish Play and within the theatres it would be considered bad luck to mention the name of The Scottish Play whilst there are plays taking place on stage. So this goes to show that the supernatural aspect of the play has been carried forward to this very day.Shakespeares tragedy is about Macbeths bloody rise to power, including the implementation of the Scottish king, Duncan, and the guilt-ridden path of evil deeds generating still more evil deeds. As an integral part of this thematic web is the plays most memorable character, skirt Macbeth. Like her husband, Lady Macbeths ambition for power leads her into insomnia and madness. But while Macbeth responds to the prophecies of the plays famous trio of witches, Lady Macbeth goes even further by figuratively transforming herself into an unnatural, desexualized evil spirit.The witches themselves are a major part of supernatural, and the play, as they can be seen as begining it altogether off. In the first scene, we see them establishing a link with the supernatural. Their words also link them to Macbeth, and show that right from the start, he has an influence from them.Fair is foul, and foul is decorousThe witches say this in a chant like way, and you c an tell it is a mischievous way of saying it. It shows things will be confused, and moral order will be changed. It also shows that the witches believe that evil is good, and good they find repulsive. This shows their attitude to life, but it could also be a warning to the audience that things to companion are not what they may have seemed, and will be confused. This could also associate them with the disruption of both the natural and social order, as later when Macbeth kills Duncan, many things are affected, and the witches could be blamed for this.The witches in the play of Macbeth are the most powerful characters in the play.All apostrophize Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of GlamisAll hail Macbeth, hail to thee, Thane of CawdorAll hail Macbeth, that shalt be king hereafter (Act 1 Scene 3)The witches start off the play by hailing Macbeth and I believe that if the witches didnt start off by saying this, then the play wouldnt have gone ahead. These quotes set out the storyline of t he play and give structure of events. The play wouldnt have been interesting if they hadnt hailed Macbeth.The appearance of the witches is very much supernatural and something to be feared.So withered and so wild in their elevate (Act 1 Scene 3)Banquo in the play refers to the witches as withered, wild and attire I think this is because in the Jacobean times people who were ugly or didnt have a husband were labelled as witches. People feared witches in those times possibly because mixing with these witches could have possibly resulted in your death. As many witches in those days were either beheaded or thrown from cliffs to see they could fly.Are ye fantastical, or that indeed (Act 1 Scene 3)This is referring to the supernatural broker of the witches in the play, which is again said by Banquo. The main word in the quote that is referring to the supernatural element of the witches is fantastical. In those fantastical didnt designate fantastic as it does today, but instead it meant ludicrously odd and lots of imaginary around them.

Community Practice Essay

Facilitating and obstructing factors for development of learning in clinical practice a student perspective. Issues and innovations in treat Education. Journal of Advanced Nursing 34(1), 4350 Priest, H. , 2004. Phenomenology. Nurse Researcher 11(4), 46 Stockhausen, L. , 2005. Learning to become a nurse student nurses reflections on their clinical experiences. Australian Journal of Nursing 22(3), 814). The entropy were analysed using content analysis techniques, exploring their contextual meaning through the development of emergent themes (Neuendorf, K. A. 2002. The mental object Analysis Guidebook. Sage Publications, London). The identified themes related to elements of students basic skill acquisition, the development of their working relationships with mentors, endurings and others, the learning opportunities offered by club practice placements and the effects that such placements had on their confidence to practice. These themes atomic number 18 discussed with regard to the published literature, to arrive at conclusions and implications for future nurse tuition, practice and research. Author M. R. Baglin Source http//www. urseeducationinpractice. com/article/S1471-5953(09)00110-3/abstract Community nursing competencies a comparison of educator, administrator, and student perspectives. Perceptions of functioning levels of baccalaureate students nearing graduation were assessed, comparing views of 15 educators, 15 wellness department administrators, and 185 students. A modified list of the 47 essential public health nursing competencies identified through the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services Division of Nursing served as the basis for data collection and analyses. scholarly person competencies in individual skills were ranked higher than group and community competencies by all three groups surveyed. Students ranked competencies at higher levels than educators and educators at higher levels than administrators. Although administrators co ntinue to advise new graduates to work in acute care before entering community health, support for continuation of this practice was non observed based on administrator ratings. Author Nickel JT,Pituch MJ,Holton J,Didion J,Perzynski K,Wise J,McVey B. Source http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/7899221Enhancing students perspectives of health through non-traditional community experiences. The shift in emphasis to community-based health care necessitates that opportunities be provided for nursing students to acquire an understanding of the complex nature of health. A qualitative study was used to demonstrate the benefits accrued by next-to-last baccalaureate nursing students in non-traditional community settings. Key themes that emerged from data analysis included definitions of health and illness as context specific, and environmental factors influencing health.The study present that learning experiences with diverse communities can broaden students perspectives and understanding of health behaviours. Students gained an appreciation of the sociocultural variation in meanings of health and illness as well as of the social and political dimensions of health. Author Sword W,Noesgaard C,Majumdar B. Source http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/8313070 Student Nurse Attitudes Towards Homeless Clients a challenge for education and Practice The purpose of this research was to define attitudes of nursing students (and paramedic officers) towards marginalized clients.Convenience quota sampling in a major health faculty was employed. Students participated on a voluntary basis. A 58-item Likert scale, developed by the authors, assessed the student nurses attitudes. In general, attitudes towards homeless clients were neutral detailed analyses, however, revealed that student nurses would decline to care for homeless clients in respective(a) situations. Personal experience with homeless patients and plus attitudes of nurses significantly carryd to increased quality of care and equality of treatment for homeless clients.Certain student nurse behaviors warrant immediate attention to prevent marginalized patients from organism exposed to unfair, inaccessible and biased nursing care. Based on our results, we recommend that further research attention be paid to the role of ethics education and faculty behaviors, as faculty members serve as role models for professionalization. Zoltan Balogh Semmelweiss University, Budapest, Hungary,zrinyi_mfreemail. hu,zrinyimwho. int Source http//nej. sagepub. com/content/11/4/334. abstractAuthor Miklos Zrinyi world Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland Student Nurses Learn Lessons in Community Health on Tribal Reservations University of Washington School of Nursing students keep the unique opportunity to complete a community health rotation on one of two Native American reservations on Washingtons Kitsap Peninsulathe only rural public health clinical offered by the school of nursing. The experience has not only helped students learn about a unique group of people, but also how to relate to any patient population in future community health work.Recently, teams of student nurses were assigned to the Fort Gamble Sklallam reservation and to the Suquamish reservation, focusing on four divergent projects. One group of students partnered with family services personnel in an obesity prevention program mirroring TVs The Biggest Loser, in which the person who lost the most system of weights won a car. Other students developed a nutrition program for an early childhood development center. A third group was involved in educating the staff of an early childhood development center about the prevention of Hepatitis B infections.The remaining group conducted and transcribed interviews with individuals for a community judgment. The goal of the assessment was to understand the communitys perception of its strengths and problem issues and to discover which issues were most important to the community. Aut hor Megan M. Krischke, Source http//insightsinnursing. com/2009/07/student-nurses-learn-from-community-immersion/ Foreign studies Foreign nurses can slip into intercoursegap According to (marshall 2009) its not politically correct but its a frequent complaint of hospital patients in Las Vegas The nurses dont speak English The complaint is inaccurate. Foreign nurses working in Las Vegas do speak English. All have passed English language competency exams to become authorise in Nevada. But the complaint also contains an element of truth. More than 15 percent of the Las Vegas nursing workforce is inter subject fieldly trained, about five times the national average of 3. 5 percent, according to an expert at UNLV. Most of these nurses are from Asian countries the Philippines, India, Japan and Korea. Their English is often heavily accented and they may not understand the nuances of American culture and lingo which can create challenges for patients and doctors.Xus research has shown t hat foreign nurses have a difficult transition to the American health care system. A study he conducted on Chinese nurses in the United States found they often felt socially isolated and paralyzed by their communication inadequacies. Foreign nurses are also forced to adjust to differences in the job description in the United States, Xus research has shown. Asian nurses are accustomed to family members doing tasks like bathing and feeding the patient, and may feel such jobs are beneath their level of education, one of his studies found.Language and communication problems can have a direct effect on the quality of patient care, and on the perceptions patients have of their care, Xu said. An estimated 100,000 people die every year as the result of health check errors in the United States, and communication problems are believed to be a leading cause. Xu said its im affirmable to know how much internationally trained nurses contribute to medical errors because the area is grossly under studied. Author Marshall Allen Source http//www. lasvegassun. com/news/2009/mar/10/foreign-nurses-can-fall-communication-gap/A Study of the Drivers of Commitment amongst Nurses The Salience of Training, Development and course Issues According to (McCabe etal 2) this study is to highlight factors influencing the perpetration of nurses, and particularly focuses on the role of training, development and career issues. It provides the basis for a HRD framework, outlining policy choices in developing high commitment amongst nursing staff. Design/methodology/approach The main themes and sub-themes relating to the drivers of commitment and the role of training, development and career issues were identified and explored employing a grounded theory, constant omparative approach. Findings The main fault-line surrounded by nurses and the organization concerned resource management, and the introduction of general management concepts and practices. HRD practitioners should consider using the l anguage and terms of reference familiar to nurses when devising HRD initiatives. Factors positively influencing the commitment of nursing staff included shared values, involving a sense of vocational commitment towards patient care and nursing. Strong leadership, particularly concerning the role of line management, was seen as important in influencing commitment.Teamwork and support, from both line management and colleagues, was also important. Training and development were highly regarded by nurses, and could be a useful way of recognizing and acknowledging their component to health care delivery. Career progression and greater involvement were viewed favourably by some nurses and unfavourably by others. The main issue concerned the possible substitution of nurse practitioner responsibilities with administrative and managerial responsibilities. Research limitations/implications The findings are solely based on interviews with nursing staff from two NHS organizations.In exploring t he various drivers of commitment and the role of training, development and career issues the studys focus was towards depth, as opposed to breath, of investigation. Practical implications Valuable information for HRD practitioners and researchers on the drivers of commitment amongst nursing staff and the role played by training, development and career issues is provided. Originality/value This paper is a useful study on exploring commitment amongst nursing staff and ways in which HRD practitioners and researchers can facilitate and develop commitment.The DoLE official added that while waiting for a chance to be employed overseas, nurses can threaten into and already start income generating projects. However, she admitted that the high subscribe to for nurses abroad is a really attractive career to pursue because of its obvious economic returns. Meanwhile, Pineda disclosed that the continuing demand for Filipino nurses overseas is expected to intensify, as the worlds northern count ries experience longer lifespans and the graying of their population in the next five to ten days is sure to see the deployment of local nurses. Countries that will continue to offer employment opportunities include the Gulf States in the Middle East such as the domain of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain and Oman, she said. Further, European countries including the United Kingdom and Ireland will also continue hiring Filipino nurses, even as new markets are emerging in Norway, Belgium, Denmark, Finland and Netherlands. Canada, too, is a new market, while Australia and New Zealand likewise offer

A Severed Head by Iris Murdoch Essay

Iris Murdoch constructs the novel, considered widely to have ushered in the Sexual Revolution of the 60s and 70s in England, with a first person manful character, Martin Lynch-Gibbon. Martin is an upper class booze merchant, and it is with him that the novel begins, as we are given a picture of him lying in bed with his younger l over, Georgie, a student at Oxford, in the bliss of a vigorous, sexually driven relationship aboard a stable and convenient marriage.However, it is soon after this, when upon returning home, that his pampered wife Antonia tells him that she has been in love with his analyst and a family friend, Palmer Anderson. They wish to continue their cordial relationship with Martin, though Antonia has decided to seek divorce and attach Palmer. Martin falls back on his relationship with Georgie Hands, though we are given a gumption at this point in the story, that the vigor is no more(prenominal) to be found, and it is reminiscent of something like Florentinos wo macrocosmizing in an cause to rationalize the basaling of the loss he has suffered in Marquez Love in the Time of cholera.It is Ferminas rejection that drives him into a situation of bankruptcy, and it is here too that Martin tries to oblige the different pieces together, though with a sense of loss that had made his relationship with Georgie complete. This missing part is his sense of security, his marriage of convenience, and a wife that he is otherwise indifferent to, Antonia. It is also the sense of having lost her to his friend, when he had taken for granted that fact that his masculinity in his liaison with Georgie had made him something of an artifact, a break up head to be held onto by the anthropologist A man who would non lose his wifes attentions.As a wine merchant, he chooses whiskey as a preference, and as a Marquezian lover, misinterprets his own charm. What is to be understood is that Antonia can only be unfeignedly free when she has broken extinct of the cons truct in which she finds herself pampered, materially lack of want, but missing a sort of impulsive romanticizing that will give her otherwise mundane life an aesthetic appeal. She needs to be tested for her love, and this can only happen when another male is involved, preferable someone close to and trusted by Martin himself. Thus, the betrayal is complete.Martin refuses to ack flatledge the ethical impunity involved in his affairs with college girls, and the in his brazen rocking horse and courting of adore Klien. His decision to break into her house tells us again that his impulses will bring him no romantic merit, but only add to the tragicomic honesty of a middle age good off man looking for sensual adventure but in a beau monde that is already so riddled with misplaced and mismatched relationships, that each encounter will reveal a murkier reality to him. His breaking into Honors house finds her in bed with her half brother.This can only mean chaos for him. In his infatu ation, childlike advances steadily give him a sense of failure, and slowly, acceptance. Martin is shown in a voluptuous light, and so are the other characters at different times in the novel. The pursuit of pleasure is seen as worth sequence in itself, though whether it conforms to conventions, or places them in opposition to a strangely rebellious modernity, is where Murdoch toys with the mind of a new sexual order to replace what England had come to be known for throughout the s dismantleteenth to 19th centuries.At different times, the characters try to assert that they are independent agents, and by virtue of existence so, they must naturally seek pleasure as their objective. Freuds theories of motivation in human nature is a slight variant of this belief, and slowly we com to be acquainted with Freudian ideas, as relationships are conf utilize, partners reach parents and love finds expression in incest. Martins tragicomedy is reflected in several instances. For example when he moves out of their comfortable London home, move into a flat, and then moves back to their old residence.It seems as though his attempt to deal with the changes around him find expression in behaviour that he cannot himself explain. It was later that the pain came, a pain un discourseably obscure and confused like that induced by some passing in childhood. (Oedipus complex) The familiar world of ways and objects within which I had lived for so long received me no more and our lovely house had put on suddenly the air of a superior antique shop. The things in it no longer cohered together.It was odd that the pain worked first and most immediately through things, as if they had at once become the sad emblems of a loss which in its entirety I could not still face. (p. 33) Here we get a glimpse of how childhood maturity plays a role in his relationships even as a 41 yr old adult with a fine business prospect. The deprivation that Martin claims to have a sense of, qualifies as Freud s notion of the subjection of id, the subconscious, by the ego, conditioning.Martins frenetic relocation, his breaking into Honor Kliens home, are all an instance of hysteria, as is his self absorption when he is shown lying in bed with Georgie at the beginning of the novel. Such characterization has given critics the impression that Murdoch has neutered this book for the stage. The plot is simple and it is presented straightforwardly. Ethical questions come up in different discourses, but at that place is the impression at the end of the book that all the characters are flawed, through together, round and flat, in a given space.We as readers, watch them run around in different directions, emotionally, and sometimes come up against each other. To say that the proper value is some(prenominal) gives you pleasure is to say that the proper value is whatever you happen to value. Indeed, people begin to value different things at different times in the novel, and each change in heart r aises moral questions. The symbol of the sever head, something that greatly fascinates Honor Klien, as a Lecturer of Anthropology, is something that Martin finds himself becoming.A severed head such as primitive tribes and old alchemists used to use anointing it with oil and putting a morsel of gold upon its tongue to make it utter prophecies. He feels his adornment is something artificial that has been used to beautify a disgusting and decayed object. Toward the end of this novel devil of the main characters (Honor Klein & Martin Lynch-Gibbon) are speaking after Martin discovers a secret almost Honor, and she says to him because of what I am and because of what you axiom I am a terrible object of fascination for you.I am a severed head such as primitive tribes and old alchemists used to use, anointing it with oil and putting a morsel of gold upon its tongue to make it utter prophecies. And who knows but that long acquaintance with a severed head might not lead to strange knowl edge. For such knowledge one would have paying enough. But that is remote from love and remote from ordinary life. As real people we do not exist for each other. (182) The severed head can also be seen as a symbol of the Castration anxiety.It would be the father who would do the severing, against the sons anxiety to dominate, especially in illegitimate sexual relations with the mother. In this context, the castration anxiety transmutes into a sort of mangled turnaround situation, when in the randomness of sexual anxiety, complexes are reversed and uncoordinated. Murdoch draws a close sketch of the other, the victim of the castration, though in this sense it is not so much the protagonists attempt at keeping the terms of association in equilibrium, the careful examination of loss and damage control.The male has been castrated, now he must survive in a world where he had thought that his emotionally charged liaisons with younger women would give him magnanimity over his nuptial vows . This is the irony which has been reversed on him, he is the fallen woman, the dame who has stepped beyond the boundaries, and who must now experience perdition, a cleansing. Honor Klien is also an agency in the plot of the novel. It is her who discloses that liaisons among Georgie, Martin, his brother Alexander, Antonia and Palmer.Her modify an introduction between Georgie and Alexander is the final destabilizing factor in Martins life, when he is sure that he has lost Antonia and Honor is beyond his grasp, the his final relationship with Georgie is put to threat. Honor seems like the feminist crusader, in her battle to bring sexual freedom to the women around her, an attitude that can find easy implication by her position as Georgies teacher at Oxford.Antonia easily fits as her aide when Honor goes on to tell her and Palmer about Martins relations with Georgie that he has tried so hard to keep hidden even after he has symbolically broken away from his London high society moor ings. Thus, she must act as the agent who forces upon him the task of reflection, thus reinterpreting his own history and that of the women around him. As Tagore said of each of his female characters, particularly of his protagonists, that they must go through the test of fire to be able to prove their existence in a society that demands absolute obedience from thinking women.Murdoch, as a female writer coming up in the coffee table age when sexual practice was beginning to be openly discussed in the London circles, seems to offer a similar retribution of her male first person characters, to which she has attributed the female gaze. The gaze is an important cultural symbol that is seen in Tennysons poem, The Lady of Shallot. The lady can see the masculine space only through a starter mirror, while the man sees the lady, only later and in her death, and passes a flippant remark on her vitreous countenance. She, in fact, has become the mirror herself.Martin similarly is an embodime nt of the emotional turmoil that his class witnessed as a whole, and the failure of on man would go on to symbolize the failure of his entire class. Thus, while a crusader works on both ends of the sexuality debate, one is the pragmatic woman of the 20th century, while the other is the new man confused by changing roles and mores. Murdoch uses other recognizable symbols as well. The go often corresponds with the moods of her characters. The dense fog over London is symbolic of his trance like inability to not bring his life back on his own terms.His acceptance towards the end of the novel has something of a Stephen Blackpool in him through there is no fatalism to his relationships and the nature of his life. He must struggle, though only with himself, to bring about an external transformation. A severed head is sometimes seen as a satire, or a farcical novel, where people and customs are shown in an ironic stance to give us alternating points of view. It is because of this that it is so hard to pass a judgment on any of the characters in the novel. It occupies the grey mass between what we know and whet we are afraid to find out.

A Comparative Study of Phrasal Verbs

In his context two articles from the portion of Opinions of the two newspapers one Pakistani-daily Dawn- and one foreign-Washington Post- are selected Introduction Learning English quarrel is considered among one of the social and academic compulsory needs. Speakers use language fluently with flexibility receive praises of others. In gaining command over English there are most essential areas like background Information of deferent genres and situations where It Is used, proper understanding of grammatical rules, vocabulary and so on.The proper use of adjectives, verbs, adverbs, stress pattern, intonations and phrasal verbs help ones engage to make it much fluent and flexible, more accurate and conversational. Phrasal verbs make the communication, both verbal and written, interaction based. The fluent speakers of English feel mesmerise in using them. These easy and two-word based verbs cover a bulk of simple as soundly as difficult vocabulary which requires much time to memorie s. The new AL learners of English language persuade pains In learning the difficult words with their meanings.But they can learn and understand the phrasal verbs in less times with much pleasure which make their speech and as well as their quiet of writing more affective and ornamented. Before beginning the study we must know the basics of phrasal verbs. Phrasal Verbs Phrasal verbs are consisted of a verb followed by a particle (for examples carry out, find out, or pick up). When these particles are separately used, they have literal meanings which signify location or direction (for examples out, up, down, over, around, off). However, In phrasal verbs they are commonly used with less literal meanings.

Word Narrative

Collaborative practice Ive been in hospital a a few(prenominal) days now. Ive settled in. Well as much as you can be expected to when youre in a strange environment. The first day was awful for me though, I had no idea what was going on. Id proficient started my 3 weeks annual leave (l work abroad so I was looking forward to disbursement time with my family etc. ) and I started having severe chest pains at home. They were crushing pains I cant explain the pain in any other way than it felt like a vice. My married woman called 999 and the ambulance asked a lot of questions, before I knew t I was on my way to hospital.I remember everyone conscionable running around, it felt like no one was actually talking to me. Like I was concealed The doctors were saying something about a possible stroke, but not to me, they were talking amongst themselves. They attached a stretch along of wires to me and the monitor they attached me to constantly beeping. Still drives me crazy that noise all around the ward. Some of the nurses be nice, not all of them seem to like me though. Maybe Im an inconvenience? Hope they dont think that. I hunch they are all really busy, thats obvious.I finally found out that have suffered a stroke and I need to stay in the hospital until Im well enough to go home. Although most of what they said to me was not in a language I could understand I can remember asking w present my wife was a lot and no one answering me, which was really frustrating as I knew she would be equally as worried. Didnt get told when would be able to see her for at least an hour later on arriving at the hospital. The ward Im on has really strict visiting hours so my wife can altogether visit me for two hours a day and she isnt allowed to bring he children which is a shame.But have been told I pass on probably only spend 5 days on this ward and that if Im not ready to go home I will be moved on to a ward with more flexible visiting hours. Im looking forward to that. T he thing that hate the most about being on a ward is having to use a commode behind a curtain. I am a 41 year old man and to be honest I find it very embarrassing and undignified. Im not saying my experience her has been completely unpleasant but the sooner I get out of here the better and I will be in no hurry to come back.

Is the Global Warming Real?

Global calefacient has becoming an increasingly important foreshorten in our environment in ally conscious society as it is a problem affecting all(prenominal) reflection of the environment and the living beings everywhere on this planet. Yet, it is quite controversial as to its nature, cause, and the effects it get out take away along in the future. The average temperature of the reasons surface has risen by 0. 8 full stop Celsius since 1880.The International Panel on Climate Change (the IPCC), based on the work of hundreds of scientists in more(prenominal) than 100 countries, has concluded in its 2007 report that this current planetary warming is mainly caused by charitable activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and agriculture. (The IPCC 2007 synthetic thinking Report) These activities take hold greatly increased atmospheric denseness of greenhouse gases, especially carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitric oxide (N2O).These greenhouse gases argon naturally occurred and essential for life on earth as they trap the suns heat and keep the earth warm. If these gases were re locomote from the atmosphere, the earths temperature would plummet to -18 Celsius, far too cold to sustain our current ecosystem. However, humans ar cause massive increase in these greenhouse gas emissions, enhancing their heat- trapping ability. As a result, the temperature is rising higher(prenominal) and higher. Pidwimy, 2006) Scientists have also found that CO2 is the most important greenhouse gas which is responsible for 55% of the current warming. The atmospheric niggardness of CO2 increased from 280 parts per million (ppm) in 1750 to 379 ppm in 2005. The leading reason for this mounting CO2 take aims is the use of fossil fuels and wobbles in land use the burning of oil, gasoline, and burn for running cars, factories, and generating electricity, and the cutting charge of forests to make way for farming, housing and other development. Emissions from fossil fuel blaze contri entirelye about 65% of the additional CO2 added to the atmosphere. (Pidwimy, 2006) The worlds biggest fossil fuel consumers are the United States, chinaware, and the European Union. ( Damassa, 2006) Deforestation contributes 25% the CO2 emissions. Sir Nicholas Stern says the destruction of the rainforests of the Amazon, the Congo basin and Indonesia give in the next four years alone add more CO2 into the atmosphere than every flight in the history of aviation to at least 2025.According to the audited figures from 2003, deforestation is releasing deuce gazillion tons of CO2 into the atmosphere every year. (Howden, 2007) If these activities continue, the atmospheric CO2 concentration forget be double the pre-industrial levels during this century that will raise the globular temperatures by close to 2?C to 5?C. (Pearce, 2008, P1) Chlorofluorocarbons are man-made greenhouse gases which accounts for 25% of the current warming. Chlorofluo rocarbons have the strongest heat-trapping ability among all the greenhouse gases per molecule.However, the atmospheric concentration of these gases is low so they are not as damaging to the climate as CO2. more another(prenominal) nations have reduced their production and use of these man-made chemicals in response to Reports of the development of ozone holes over the sexual union and South Poles and the general decrease in spherical stratospheric ozone levels over the last 20 years, thus the concentration of these gases may soon begin to decline. (Pidwimy, 2006) Other dickens important contributors to worldwide warming are methane and nitrous oxide.Comparing figures from 2005 with pre-industrialised levels (measurements taken in 1750), methane increased from around 715 parts per billion (ppb) to 1774 ppb and nitrous oxide increased from 270 ppb to 319 ppb. (The IPCC Synthesis Report 2007) the main sources for the extra methane now found in the atmosphere are agriculture (ric e cultivation, range animals) and fossil fuel use (coal mining, and oil and gas extraction). Nitrous oxide is released into atmosphere from the loss of the forests, the cutting down forests for agricultural fields, and the use of fertilizers for plants growth. Pidwimy, 2006) The impacts of this man-made warming lie not only, or even primarily, in the temperature rise. It says in the IPCC Synthesis Report 2007, Discernible human influences extend beyond average temperature to other aspects of climate, including temperature extremes and wind patterns. anthropogenetic warming over the last three decades has likely had a discernible influence at the worldwide scale on observed changes in many a(prenominal) physical and biological systems.There are many other effects that have occurred collectible to global warming, e. g. the melting of ice and snow cover, rising global average sea level, increase in intensity and frequency of extreme weather events (heat weaves, heavy precipitatio n, tropic cyclone activity). (The IPCC Synthesis Report 2007) 41 Scientists are predicting that global warming will produce a circulate of negative consequences. According to the IPCC, the global average temperature will rise 0. 2 per decade for the next two decades if the greenhouse gas missions are at or above the current rate and this warming will cause further damage to the global climate system during the 21 century than those observed during the 20 century. (the IPCC 2007 Synthesis Report)The sea level is expected to rise between 7 and 23 inches (18 to 59 centimetres) due to thermal expansion and melting ice on land by the end of this century. By 2080s, many millions more People than today in coastal areas, especially in heavily populated and low mega deltas of Asia and Africa will be at great risk every year due to sea level rise. the IPCC 2007 Synthesis Report) it is estimated that there are more than 180 countries having populations in low-lying costal areas, 70% of whi ch have urban areas of more than 5 million people that are at risk, including Tokyo rude(a) York Mumbai, India Shanghai, China Jakarta, Indonesia and Dhaka, Bangladesh. (Wagner, 2007)126 Global warming will pose threats to peoples health More frequent and fearsome heat waves will cause more heat stroke and other heat-related illnesses and death.The elderly and the young are the most susceptible to these effects air pollution worsened by global warming will lead to more respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, such as asthma and cardiac disarryhthmia Thanks to global warming, malaria-carrying mosquitoes are spreading to cooler places too, where there has never been this disease before, such as South Korea and the highlands of Papua New Guinea (Weiss, Pam, 2008) And a group of 12 diseases called Deadly Dozen have been found to spread due to the warming temperature, e. g.Avian Flu, Cholera, Plague, Ebola and Tuberculosis. (Simmons) Global warming will add significantly to the worlds weewee dearth problem as it increases the severity of droughts, foods, and cyclone, all of which reducing the water supply and destroying the quality of water. Wong Poh Poh, a professor at the National University of Singapore, says that the U. N. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has found that 2 billion people will not have access to adequate drinking water by 2050 and 1. 2 billion more people will be under the threat of severe water shortage by 2080. NG, 2008)86 Many of the worlds species could be on the verge of extinction due to global warming. According to the IPCC 2007 report, that 20- 30 % of the worlds species would become extinct if global average temperature rises additional 1. 5 to 2. 5?C (relative to 1980-1990) and 40-70% would be expected if the increase in temperature exceeds 3. 5?C. (the IPCC 2007 Synthesis Report) However, there are some scientists who are sceptical about this man-made global warming theory. According to these sceptics, Climate change is a natural process and is not caused by man.The world has experienced warmer and colder periods in the preceding(a) without any external cause so a minor rise (less than a degree) in global average temperature is normal. Explains Richard L. Lindzen, a professor of meteorology at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the motions of the massive oceans where heat is moved between deep layers and the surface provides discrepancy on time scales from years to centuries. Recent work suggests that this variability is enough to account for all climate change since the 19 Century. Lindzen asserts that the warming in the tropics around an altitude of about 9 km should be 2. times greater than the surface warming but the measurements show that warming at these levels is only about ? of the surface warming. This means the greenhouse effect only contributes to about one third of the surface warming and not all of this really small warming is caused by man. (Lindzen, 2009) Global warming scepti cs also argue that computer models which predict the future climate are not reliable. According to S. Fred Singer, an atmospheric physicist at George Mason University, these computer models can not calculate all the important parameters around the globe therefore are unable to predict the future climate.Singer says, If you only calculate temperature, winds, and so on at intervals of 200 miles, then you cannot depict grease ones palmss, or even cloud systems, which are much smaller. So until the models have a good enough resolution to be open(a) of depicting clouds, its very difficult to put much faith in them. Singer also claims that these models do not agree with each other in predicting the temperature rise for a doubling CO2 levels. many predict a warming of 5 degrees Centigrade while others predict one degree. (