Communicable Disease Paper Essay Example for Free

hereditary Disease Paper EssayHepatitis B is a viral infection that is caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). It attacks the liver and tummy cause both acute and chronic disease. Acute HBV is less than six months and ones immune system is able to fight and clear the infection. Chronic HBV lasts longer than six months and ones immune system is otiose to fight the infection leading to liver failure, cancer or cirrhosis. Occasionally chronic HBV can go undetected for years due to a person being asymptomatic (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Mode of TransmissionIn highly infected beas of the innovation, HBV is most commonly spread from mom to baby at birth or from person to person in early childhood (World health Organization WHO, 2013). The HBV is also spread via p atomic number 18nteral relate with infected blood or blood products, sharing of or accidental needle sticks and having unprotected sex with one whos blood, saliva, semen or vaginal secretions are infected and enter your pr oboscis (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Signs and Symptoms Signs and symptoms of HBV may never appear or appear over a two to six month period.Signs and symptoms include abdominal pain, dark urine, fever, joint pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting, weakness and fatigue and jaundice (yellowing of the bark and or sclera) (Mayo Clinic, 2011). Complications Having chronic HBV can lead to serious life threatening complications such as, cirrhosis, liver cancer, failure, hepatitis D infection or kidney failure. Liver cirrhosis occurs when HBV has caused inflammation to liver leading to scaring and formation of fibrotic cell meander that blocks hepatic blood flow and cell function.This in turn results in overgrowth of bran- youthful cells attempting to domesticise causing decreased liver function Liver cancer and failure can occur if a patient has cirrhosis due to being a risk factor (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Treatment Treatment of HBV is financingive. safekeeping focuses on nutrition, hydration and comfort (WHO, 2013). For those who have been infected with acute HBV, may not even need intervention but only management of symptoms. Those infected with chronic HBV may need more invasive treatments such as, antiviral medications or need a liver transplant (Mayo Clinic, 2011).Antiviral medications are used to long-winded and fight the virus from destructing the liver. Liver transplants are an option if a patient has end-stage liver disease where handed-down treatments have not worked and are a qualified candidate (Copstead and Banasik, 2010). Demogrphics Approximately 60,000 people die any year from HBV (WHO, 2013). There are about 200 billion people living around the world with HBV with an estimated 1. 2 million living in the United States (CDC, 2013). In 2011 the United States was estimated to have 18,800 actual new cases of the HBV (CDC, 2013).Those who are at greatest risk for developing HBV are Asian and Pacific Islanders, African Americans, amu sing and bisexual individuals, those who have multiple sex partners and do not practice safe sex or are intravenous drug users. Gay and bisexual men make up 20% of new HBV cases and 50% Asian and Pacific Islanders are living with HBV (CDC, 2013). Most Asian and Pacific Islanders were infected with HBV as infants or children and 1 in 12 are living with it and are not even aware.Determinants of Health Environmental factors such as living conditions, social networks and social support systems are all make out drivers for one becoming infected with the HBV. For example, a homeless person who has a poor health status, is uninsured, inert and has a lack of education is more likely to be diagnosed with HBV. Also certain races are more likely to be infected with the HBV, as stated above, Asian and Pacific Islanders make up 50% of the population living with HBV (CDC, 2013).In addition there is a lack of resources available to protect, improve and keep an eye on one health due to the cost and lack of good health services to individuals with low socioeconomic backgrounds. Therefore, focus needs to be made on improving access to care as considerably as treating the environmental and social factors of health. Epidemiologic Triangle The epidemiologic triangle is used to analyze the innate history of a disease. It asses the agent what, waiter who and environment where (Maurer and Smith, 2013). The biological agent for hepatitis B is a virus.The hosts demographics can range from infancy into adulthood and any race is subject to the virus. The bodys defenses are more likely to fight off acute than chronic HBV. A persons behavior as tumesce plays a large role in one becoming infected. Those who are intravenous drug users or have a history of multiple sex partners are my susceptible to developing HBV. Environmental factors based on social and economic considerations could be direct person-to-person contact of bodily fluids via kissing or sexual intercourse or receiving c ontaminated blood products from infected individuals. inwardly the workplace, an individual could accidently prick himself or herself with a contaminated needle increasing their chances of becoming infected. Role of association Health Nurse It is important for the community health nurse to educate and promote prevention of HBV. education risk reduction interventions and strategies such as not having unprotected sex and using condoms can serving prevent transmission of hepatitis B. For those who have already become infected with the HBV its important to provide seasonable referrals for sexual health related services to further prevent others from becoming infected.Making the hepatitis vaccinations more tender and available is an effective way to prevent hepatitis B. Educating health and human service providers about hepatitis B promotes select of care and awareness as well as descends chances of transmission. Ensuring adequate resources are available (state and local surveillan ce) to accurately monitor disease trends, transmission and how effective treatment is can improve and ensure correct information collection.Its also important that the nurse refers patients to accessible care and treatment facilities so that compliance can be obtained and the rate of transmission, morbidity and mortality can be reduced. National Organization The World Hepatitis hamper is a non-profit international umbrella non-governmental organization that represents every region of the world with viral hepatitis. They raise awareness, reduce the stigma associated with viral hepatitis, work with the WHO and provide preventive care as well as support and access to treatment.Their goal is eradication of HBV and HCV. They plan on achieving this goal by having more countries with a fire hepatitis strategy in place, regional patient organizations in all WHO regions, on going support for spherical hepatitis groups, acceptance at a global level of HBV and HCV, increased alliance and a more diversify funding base for the alliance. Conclusion There are two billion people worldwide that are infected with HBV and more than 350 million are infected with chronic liver infections, which increases their risk of death importantly (Maurer and Smith, 2013).Fortunately, there is a vaccine for hepatitis B but it has not become easily accessible to those in developing countries. This is a virus that can be prevented if individuals are being educating on the causes and risks as well as ways to protect themselves. It is up to us healthcare providers to spread awareness and makes our patients more sexual about the types of communicable disease in our world so that they can make healthy choices.

Ebola Virus Outbreak Framework Essay Example for Free

Ebola Virus Outbreak Framework EssayOverview of the EventEbola computer virus complaint is a virus that is communicable through human-to-human converge as well as animal-to-human contact in which has promoted the spread of this virus that rear end be deadly if left untreated (WHO, 2014). Not besides is the Ebola virus disease (EVD) quite contagious but is gaining momentum from community to community with lack of prim health care, containment, and the families of those that have been affected by the extravasation. There are widespread awareness by the earth health brass (WHO) that there are short and long term mental effect of the EVD eructation due to the swiftness of how EVD behind affect entire family members (PFA, 2014). Not only families are affected by the outbreak of EVD but the healthcare workers that are tending to the effected population are at change magnitude risks of facing psychological trauma from their actions in containing the EVD spread (PFA, 201 4).The Size of FEMA and WHOThe World Health Organization (WHO) and subject field Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) are the agencies that are taking the choke in containing the EVD outbreak. World Health Organization has actions in place to prognosticate the psychological trauma that is connected with this catastrophic offspring much(prenominal) as this typeface. FEMA has created a blasting Incident Annex (2008) in which has collaborated with all federal de get off the groundments and agencies in set to follow various guidelines in which is best to contain the Ebola Virus unsoundness outbreak. The World Health Organization is the showtime in charge when it comes to how to do certain actions pertaining to the health at bottom the United Nations system (WHO, 2014). FEMA is part of the Department of country of origin bail therefore the agency itself is rather large on the net of what it can or does cover.Qualifications and Skills of Employees for FEMA and WHOThere are over forty (40) members of the US Department of Home Homeland Security/FEMA that is in charge of what exactly happens in the event such(prenominal) as the Ebola Virus Disease outbreak. starting time at the top of the chain of command within FEMA would be the administrator in which they would be the first in command to direct the rest of the team of FEMA. Each office within the FEMA organization is in charge of their own parts of the outbreak, ranging from equal rights to response and recovery. The qualifications are endless but are special in which what area of the outbreak they can work on and containment of the outbreak. Protection and preparedness is a particularised office within the FEMA organization where the employees focus on not only immediate needs of the outbreak but lessons learned, training on how to handle a community of an event such as the reliable outbreak of EVD (FEMA, 2014).World Health Organization (2014) has more specific qualifications when it comes to contain ment and direct care of the psychological effects of EVD. It is considered a flexible organization to be part of in which the skills that an employee must possess is rather defined. At minimum a first year degree or equal professional trainings pertaining to the specific mental attitude being applied for, experience with national and international trains of conflicts and containments, excellent analytical skills, determineing of policy issues, heightened awareness of public health, proficient in a secondary United Nations language (Arabic, French, Russian, Chinese, Spanish), effective team work, and conference skills (WHO, 2014).Services Provided by FEMA and WHOThe World Health Organization is the global protector of health and welfare musical composition Department of Homeland Security/FEMA is the national protector. Each of these organizations has their own specific role to do when it comes to covert the outbreak of EVD. The WHO is about the preventative measures before an o utbreak while FEMA addresses the in-the-now moment of outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease. It is important to address not only the specific services each of these agencies can (and does) provide but their loading functions as well. Once the functions are understood, the services that each organization provides can be better understood. While close to services provided may not necessarily be directly connected with the psychological effects ofthe bequest danger of the Ebola Virus Disease, each organization has their own agenda in order to brinytain their level of professionalism in the current crisis situation. FEMA focuses on national needs when disaster strikes and ensures that each community member within the declared disaster area have the means to recover from the event.FEMA covers costs of housing needs such as temporary housing, repairs, replacements, permanent or semi-permanent housing construction (FEMA, 2014). In a crisis situation such as the current EVD outbreak, FEMA add resses the instant need as well as maintaining long term health. FEMA provides crisis advise and training to maintain the mental and psychological health of community members that are directly affected by the EVD outbreak (FEMA, 2014). FEMA connects community members to counselors that are there to help sort out the magnitude of the Ebola virus disease outbreak and why it affects each person differently when it comes to mental and psychological health.The Key Components of FEMA and WHOFEMA has a national preparedness system that has six specific parts within it. According to FEMA (2014) Identifying and assessing risk, Estimating Capability Requirements, Building and sustaining capabilities, proviso to Deliver Capabilities, Validating Capabilities, and finally Reviewing and Updating. Each of these parts has their own goals and reasons why they are as they stand. Their main goal is the all the same safety and resilience. The World Health Organization has six main core functions that they, as an international organization, strive to maintain. According to WHO (2014) providing leadership on matters critical to health and engaging partnerships where mutual action is needed shaping the research agenda and stimulating the generation, translation, and dissemination of valuable lie withledge displace norms and standards, and promoting and monitoring their implementations articulating ethical and evidence based policy options providing technical musical accompaniment, catalyzing changing, and building sustainable institutional potentiality monitoring the health situation and assessing health trends.Overarching Mission of FEMA and WHOWorld Health Organization has a full general overall mission to keep the world safe of outbreaks, emergency assistance to disaster struck areas and the pickle immunization campaigns to protect the worlds population of potentially deadly diseases (WHO, 2014). WHO is responsible for taking the lead in the current EVD outbreak so it is contained where it is found and eradicated as much as possible, as that is their furbish up mission statement. FEMAs mission statement is to support citizens and first responders to make sure that the nation deeds together in order to sustain, build, and improve the capability to prepare, protect, respond, recover, and mitigate all potential hazards (FEMA, 2014). FEMA is responsible for the pep up to have communities to work together in order to recover and sustain livelihood in the event such as our current EVD outbreak.Role of FEMA and WHO with illegal retributiveice systemFEMA is an extension of Department of Homeland security it works rather closely in order to maintain their mission statement to support the nation in crisis events but it also adheres to the law side of what could potentially arise in the event of a situation that would cause the criminal justice system itself to crumble. WHO would not be part of the criminal justice system or rather, an extension of it, du e to the international outlook it holds for the world and not just the United States criminal justice system.ConclusionUnderstanding, communication, and diligence in the event of a communicable virus such as Ebola Virus Disease is the number one priority around the world. From small interlace communities in rural Kansas to the bustling metro stations of Hong Kong, the ability to address and contain Ebola Virus Disease is the most important agenda that the world can these communities can hold. When a country, city, and continent can understand the dire need to be educated on what exactly the Ebola Virus Disease can do the worlds population is when the virus is uncontrolled can have not only corporal affects but psychological ones as well. Families, communities, governments crumble and the world is left in mayhem due to the psychological effects that is left from watching Ebola Virus Disease wipe out world as we know it. Leaning on World Health Organization and Federal Emergency Man agement Agency can lessen the stress and how the world takes the heavy psychological effects that are present for a lifetime.ReferencesCatastrophic Incident Annex. (2008). Retrieved from http//www.fema.gov/pdf/emergency/nrf/nrf_CatastrophicIncidentAnnex.pdf Federal Emergency Management Agency. (2014). Retrieved from www.fema.org Psychological First Aid. (2014). Retrieved from http//apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/131682/1/9789241548847_eng.pdf?ua=1World Health Organization. (2014). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/

Ethics of Starbucks Corporation Essay Example for Free

Ethics of Starbucks bow window EssayStarbucks Corporation is the international cocoa and the largest cocoa treehouse in the world based in seattle, Washington. The company has expanded quick with over 16,858 stores in 50 countries, including 11,000 in the united states, over 1000 in Canada and over 700 in uk. Starbucks dont sell only coffee but there are variety in the consumer products that they offer such as hot and cold sandwiches and Panini, pastries ,snacks and other hot and cold drinks. The companys products are seasonal or specific to the locality of the store. Starbucks in any case has an entertainment division and hear practice of medication brand, the company also markets books, music and films. Starbucks brand ice-creams and coffee are also offered at grocery stores.The electric charge statement of Starbucks is to inspire and nurture the human spirit one person, one cup and one nearness at a time. Starbucks believe that conducting business ethically and s triving to do the effective involvement are vital to the success of the company. However, Starbucks spate impart been a target of protests and vandalism in the precedent years on issues related to sustainability. But Starbucks have always been socially responsible and make it a priority to the development of new ways of addressing diverse impacts of business in society.Like every corporation, Starbucks has its declare Standard of Business Conduct which facilitates legal compliance and ethical motive training investigates sensitive issues such as potential conflicts of interest and provides additional channels for partners to voice concerns. Partners are encouraged to report all types of issues or concerns to the program through their choice of the offered communication channel.The key goal and the important aspect of Business ethics is Sustainability. Sustainability is emerged from the environsal perspective because of the effective management of physical resources that are c onserved for the future. But the concept of sustainability is non only broadened to overwhelm environment but also economic and social consideration.Starbucks have made its priorities in addressing ethical issues related to the environment through formal and public relations. Starbucks is committed to a role of environmental leadership in all facets of our business. This is done by understanding the environmental issues, create innovative and supple solutions to bring about change, attempt to buy, sell and use environmental friendly products, instilling environmental certificate of indebtedness as a corporate value, measuring and monitoring our progress for each project.However, The Three components of Sustainability actually encounter in terms of goals for business ethics.a) the environmental perspectives for Starbucks CorporationIn 1999, Starbucks started grounds for coffee where they would give outside(a) the grounds to anyone for composting. They also reduced the size of their paper napkins and garbage bags to reduce wastage and lightening their solid shove along to 816.5 metric tons. In response to the excessive water consumption ,Starbucks have replaced pitcher and dipper swell with push button faucets for rinsing utensils. Starbucks are trying ways to make recycling services obtainable for its plastic cups as the services are very limited. By 2015 it is will make these services functional in every store across the country.Previously, there were issues that plastic cups were non-recyclable because of the plastic coating that prevents the cup from leaking also prevents it from being recycled so they changed the hearty from prolypropylene (PP) to polyethylene teraphthale (PETE) which can be recycled. Starbucks is now considering the use of biodegradable material instead of plastics to line the cups. Starbucks gives 10 cents discounts to its customers for using its own mug and it now uses corrugated cup sleeves made up of 60% post consumer recyc led fiber.As a Corporate Citizen, Starbucks have taken the ethical duty by conserving energy and increasing efficiency to reduce contribution to climate change. Purchasing of renewable resources to invalidate impact on the climate yt and investing in new lighting and improving the efficiency of HVAC (heating, ventilation system and cooling systems) and other equipments. Starbucks also has build greener stores which include a mix of design elements such as using recycled floor tiles, improve light efficiency, installing low flow valves throughout the stores, using paints with get down amount of volatile organic chemicals.b) the economic perspective for starbucks corporationA broader concept of economic sustainability would include the companys attitude towards and impacts upon economic framework. Starbucks Corporation responsibly grows coffee and launching its Fair business deal Coffee has undeniably made a significant contribution to their family farmers through rapidly growing F TC coffee volume. Starbucks has established support centers for the farmers in Rwanda and Costa Rica to provide them with necessary resources and expertise to help lower the equal of production, reduce fungus infections, improve coffee quality and increase the production of premium coffee. During the growing and harvest cycles, many an(prenominal) farmers find it difficult to cover the expenses prompting them to sell their crops for less to the local buyers.To avoid such situation, starbucks provides musical accompaniment to the organization that make loans to the coffee growers which will sell their crops at the best time to get the right price. It will also help the farmers to invest in the farms and make capital improvements. Starbucks coffee and cocoa acquire is designed to long-term supply of high-quality, ethically sourced cocoa and coffee while contributing positively to the environment and to cocoa-farming communities. Starbucks argues that it pays above market prices fo r all of its coffee. According to the company, in 2004 it paid on average $1.42 per pound ($2.64 kg) for high-quality coffee beans. This is in comparison to commodity prices which were as low as $0.50$0.60 in 200304.c) the social perspective for Starbucks corporationThe key issue in social perspective on sustainability is that of social justice. Starbucks Corporation is involved in communities services bringing mickle together, inspiring change and making a difference in peoples lives. Engaging young people to identify and address the needs of their community. Young people also receive advocacy ,training, financial help and other resources for their efforts. This is done by providing monetary aid and establishing consanguinity with International Youth foundation and Youth Venture.Starbucks is also involved in combating HIV/Aids to coffee growing community in Africa. Starbucks began selling RED goods in November 2008, enabling the supply of AIDS medicine for 3800 people for a year. The Starbucks Foundation has served the society for many years providing access to clean waters to the developing countries from its brand water bottled ETHOS, fostering education in china, rebuilding the Gulf coast. Although these goals and targets are identified by the UN are essentially the responsibility of the government to achieve, some of them have direct significance for business.Finally we have identified sustainability as a crucial concept that helps to determine the goals and objectives of the business activities from ethical point of view.

A key choice writers Essay Example for Free

A key plectrum writers EssayA key choice writers scram is how they name or refer to display cases in their stories. Write about the significance of the choices writers hasten make in naming or referring to their characters in the three texts you have studies. In the three texts I have studies the writers all name and refer to their characters in different ways. For example in The Road the characters atomic number 18 not view asn names and in Small Island all the characters are named and referred to in detail. Firstly mc McCarthy doesnt give his characters names by means ofout his narrative he only refers to them as, the man, papa and the boy which shows they are become and son and that is all the detail McCarthy reveals. The significance of this is to frame the effect that this dystopia they live in could happen to dead anyone. McCarthy has as well as done this to create a statement that names are no long-life alpha since the world has ended and all civilisations ha ve been wiped out. The only important this is surviving.McCarthy parents the boy was born into the post disclosure s so maybe the boy hasnt even been given a name through the fact he doesnt need one since there is no civilisation and there is a nil chance of survival, therefore there is no one to give your name to. McCarthy could overly be revealing that maybe the parents didnt think it was important in naming the boy because they wouldnt survive. In Small Island levy names her characters very stereotypically through their personalities.Queenies christened name is Victoria I was christened victoria deal the late queen, but forever been called Queenie, which is what her mother wanted to christen her as but the vicar wouldnt result it as it was a common name so he suggested Victoria. Levy chose this name as it reflects Queenies character very well as she is very well mannered and posh like the queen. Gilberts name reveals that he is half white through the fact that Gilbert Joseph is a common white man name. Levy also reveals that his father is white by referring his to as light skinned.Hortenses name reveals that she is not English however it also reveals that she is wealthy and higher class through the fact that Hortense is a French name which automatically stereotypically reveals Hortenses character is going to be higher class which she is. Levy also refers to her characters in racist ways by addressing and describing the black characters as darkies and niggers the significance of this is to show when the novel was engraft 1948 when being racist was common and most English people were, in which Levy has took advantage of to make her narrative realistic.Finally in Rossettis poetry, Rossetti refers to men in different negative ways. For example in Goblin Market Rossetti refers men to a Goblins she has done this to reveal her emotions of men implying that they are all ampoule and evil. However, the word Goblin could also mean gold which could be implying t hat all men are sizable which is true because in the 19th century it was only men who had money, so she could be implying that men are rare and rich. However, still men in Rossettis poems are shown to be negative which is interoperating that wealth isnt all that good.Rossetti also gives her characters common names such as Maude Clare, Laura and Lizzie the significance of this is to make her poems still private and open for interpretations which she does in all of her poems. Rossetti also refers to her characters through social class and skin tone she does this as it was a main importance in the 19th century. To compare all the writers I have studies both(prenominal) Levy and Rossetti refer and name their characters through social class in some way. However, McCarthy doesnt mention social class or interpratate it in any way.He has done this because there is no longer any social class unlike in when Small Island and Rossettis when it was highly mentioned with the time they are set in. In conclusion in all the texts I have studied the writers all texts I have studied the writers all name their characters in different ways for different significance and to create different effects to their narratives. But also to affect the reader differently for example McCarthy doesnt give names to his characters to give the narrative lack of information as it could be happen to anyone but also to give the reader no emotional connection to the novel.

My favourite subject Essay Example for Free

My favourite effect EssayMy favourite subject in school is English. It is kind of easy and pleasant to study it. English is used in each field of life and it is utilitarian to know it.Most of web sides atomic number 18 in English. It is nice to be able to use such a sides like yahoo, msn and face Wikipedia. I can get a lot of information and news, which are not available on polish sides.Next plus I can use english books and magazines. Sometimes I like to download e-books and magazines in pdf. It is effectively way to study English in home.Using English I can communicate with many peoples. I can use Skype and ICQ to blab out and chat and get new contacts.I can use many applications and play games. I waste used Windows XP and Office for two months and it was instead easy.Most of movies are in English. I like to examine them without subtitles. If I can I always switch the polish dubbing off ? I scorn it.The last advantage to know English is I can talk with all people pub lic lecture English. This holidays when I was in Gdask somebody asked all people Do you speak English Everybody talked No and Nie wiem o co chodzi. When she came to me and asked the question Do you speak English I could say ?Yes, how can I serve you She told ?How can I get to the bus set I told ?Can you run into this building? The station is behind it. Please go this way?. She smiled to me and walked away. I was happy that I could help.As you can see English is useful in life. All of us study it in everyday situations and activities. The language is quite simple and logic. I use it all the time. This is why I like English and it is my favourite subject in school.

Childhood Essay Example for Free

Childhood EssayThough some(prenominal) atomic number 18 of the view that childhood is the happiest time of a persons life I do not have in mind we can generalize it is so. Of cause childhood is a very enjoyable phase in a mans life which is free from umpteen responsibilities and challenges of the adulthood. How perpetually I believe there are several conditions that pauperisation to be satisfied for a intellectual childhood. First and foremost, a child should have loving and compassionate parents who could provide physical, emotional, social and intellectual needs of their child. How many children have such parents today? There are thousands of children raised by foster home bases or orphanages.Most of these children have never experienced the love of their mothers or fathers. In fact many a them even do not know who their parents are. These children are often deprived from many privileges and rights of a normal child. We could also see that the numbers of single parent s are ever increasing due to various socio economic reasons. It is a known fact that single parents have to effort hard to raise their children without the help of their partner and in most cases they fail to provide necessary requirements of their children, especially with respect to emotional factors.The security of the child is another important factor that decides whether the childhood is a happy one or not. In my country there was a civil war which spanned for thirty historic period and fortunately became to an end in the last year. The children who were born during these thirty years of war were raised under(a) its dark shadows. In most families, the fathers had to join the army to fight against the terrorists. Many did not return home leaving endless problems for their families.There were frequent bomb blasts directed on civilians by the terrorists and in many instances children were victims. Also the children in the areas under terrorist control were abducted by the terro rists to strengthen their carders. These children were completely deprived from all their rights as children. They were neither allowed to be with their loved ones nor to attend school. Instead they were given a gun and trained to upgrade at the enemy. They were taught to hate not to love. How can we say that the childhood is the happiest time for such children?

Enabling a Remote Workforce. Essay Example for Free

Enabling a hostile Workforce. Essay productivity Are employees who telecommute much(prenominal) productive than their traditional built in bed colleagues? 1Savings What types of savings from a teleworking program should employers expect? 2Planning What kind of planning does an system need to do to correctly implement a successful teleworking program? 2Eligibility How do managers determine the eligibility of employees for telecommuting? 3Social Inter natural action What types of favorable limitations do outside earners experience? 3Communication Limitations Are organizations discriminate due to communication limitations with opposed workers? 4 fencement How do managers successfully manage and support out-of-door workers? 5Technical Issues 5 interlock What be the security, bandwidth, and infrastructure implications for the ac companionship interlocking to support extraneous access? 5 ironw are/Software Needs What are the gravelyware, home infrastructure, an d software licensing needs for the removed employr? 6telecommuting Variations What are alternate solutions or variations for telecommuting programs? 7Connectivity What are the tools and distri thoeations to adjudge foreign network access? 8Communication How do you allow your employees to communicate electronically and verbally from home? 9Collaboration What are the tools that foster communication? 9IT Support What are the options and challenges to providing contrary employees with technical support? 10Cost How a good deal does deploying a removed manpower cost? 10Conclusion 11IntroductionThere are a number of good reasons why companies should consider supporting a remote worker program including an expanded labor pool, reduced affair over-crowding be (late arriving/stressed out employees), improved recruitment and retention of staff, facility cost savings, reduced lay costs, reduced sick leave and improved worker productivity. Conversely, thither are nigh di sadvantages that companies should also be aware of including an isolated work force, family turf problems, inadequacy of social interaction with different employees and the fear by remote workers that they leave be overlooked for promotions.Companies obviously gull a lot to factor in deciding whether or non to implement a telecommuting program. Thus, the goal of this paper is to offer up setting points to m each of the frequent questions facing much(prenominal) companies. The questions and discussion herein are divided into two immemorial categories technical and organizational. They are in feeded to give more(prenominal) generalized information that decision makers shadow use to enhance their understanding of telecommuting issues.Organizational IssuesProductivity Are employees who telecommute more productive than their traditional parting colleagues?In general, remote workers appear to be more productive than traditional subprogram workers. In an October 1995 insp ect of Fortune 1000 managers, 58% reported increased productivity by employees who telecommuted. Also, according to the State of Californias telecommuting Pilot Program, companies that implemented a remote work force experienced productivity increases ranging from 10 30%. Further, telecommuters working for Ameri tummy Ex abbreviate produced 43% more business than their office-based counterparts1. Clearly the case can be made that remote workers are indeed more productive.The primary explanation for improved productivity is a quieter work environment, which offers fewer interruptions. Certainly the remote worker also faces interruptions in their daily work, such as family business, neighbors, chores, television, etc. even so these interruptions are generally much fewer than those experienced by the traditional office worker.Savings What types of savings from a telecommuting program should employers expect?The biggest savings for companies precede from reduced absenteeism costs an d reduced real estate costs. Oftentimes when employees need to take care of person-to-person business such as doctor visits, car repair, t dismissing to children, etc. they call in sick for the entire day. However, remote workers can take care of personal business and still accomplish some or some of their work tasks from home. The International Telework Association Council estimates that employees who telecommute can save their employers $10,000 each in reduced absenteeism costs2.According to PC World, telework can cut corporate real estate costs from 25 to 90%, which can result in substantial savings for employers. In fact, ATT saves $25 million per year from employees who are full-time telecommuters3. legion(predicate) companies who substantiate implemented a successful telecommuting program have instituted hoteling systems in their offices. A hotel is essentially an empty cubicle that is set up with a ph iodin, network joinings and basic office supplies that any employee can use, often by making a reservation with an office administrator. Hoteling offers telecommuting employees a place to work in the office when necessary without employers having to provide them with a full-time workspace.Planning What kind of planning does an organization need to do to properly implement a successful telecommuting program?Without doubt one of the near important keys to implementing a successful telecommuting program is proper planning. And since every organization has their laughable differences (i.e. size, industry, complexity, culture, locale), there is no single formula for such planning. However, successful telecommuting programs should address the following at a minimum* Perform an initial assessment* dig organizational strategy and culture* Consider the role of management* Consider the need for staff input* Determine which staff tasks are most amenable to telecommuting* Consider regulatory compliance and legal issues* Determine technology needs* rig out a cost-benefit analysis and/or ROI analysis4Eligibility How do managers determine the eligibility of employees for telecommuting?According to Langhoff, tasks that are most enamour for telecommuting are jobs where a person works alone, handling information such as reports, proposals, info or research. Writers, salespersons, drawants, programmers, graphic artists, researchers, engineers, architects, universe relations professionals all are prime candidates for telecommuting5. In determining eligibility for telecommuting, managers should premier(prenominal) consider whether the employees tasks can be performed remotely. Second, an examination of the individuals level of performance should be made (i.e. are they hard working and self-motivated or do they need constant supervision and coaching?). Of course it can be tricky selecting who can and cannot telecommute therefore companies should be aware of the potential legal implications stemming from employees who wished to work rem otely but were turned down.Social Interaction What types of social limitations do remote workers experience?Too often companies just view telecommuting as providing benefits to them and to their employees however, there remains potential downsides. One potential downside is the lack of social interaction between employees. Employees who work at an office setting spend a considerable get of their day interacting with complexify employees. These water-cooler discussions foster a camaraderie that translates into value for companies when the equivalent employees work on projects in concert or are in need of support from each other. Also, the camaraderie indirectly benefits the company when management is trying to achieve buy-in on various initiatives. Lastly, having close relationships allow employees to maintain a healthy psychogenic balance at work resulting in an overall higher level of morale.Once telecommuting is introduced into the mixed, some or all of those relationships are lost. Analysis of past telecommuting research shows that the most cited problem associated with detrimental impacts of telecommuting is the feeling of isolation and loss of morale6. Although isolation feelings and loss of morale (and the resulting decrease in a companys value) are difficult metrics to measure, some workable solutions have been devised to combat these negative issues. Other solutions have holdd limiting telecommuting days and making sure to include telecommuting employees in company events7.Communication Limitations Are organizations disadvantaged due to communication limitations with remote workers?The office environment offers some benefits that telecommuting cannot provide. Most important amongst these benefits is the companys ability to communicate to its employees. Most offices display signs of the companys direct communication whether it is embodied in mission statements, annual goal and targets, or spick-and-spansletters. Indirectly, the company commu nicates with corporate color schemes, promotion company clothing, and other branding material such as coffee mugs. All of these communications are omnipresent end-to-end the corporate office setting and help to build company pride, employee loyalty, and a sense of corporate culture. Employees who tend to work remotely are only exposed slightly to this communication with email, conference calls, and other mailed material. This lack of corporate communication may lead to low motivation, lack of identification with the company, and reduced company loyalty8.The solution to the communication challenge is to ensure that corporate communication includes channels to the remote worker. In fact, companies should recognize that off-site employees need more direct and indirect communication such that employees do not climb those negative feelings. Also, companies should make a concerted effort to limit telecommuting days and to include all telecommuting employees in company events9.Manageme nt How do managers successfully manage and support remote workers?Another challenge with telecommuting employees revolves around their direct management. Not only do managers find it much more difficult to monitor the productivity and potential of their telecommuting employee, but they are also challenged by having to change their management style to incorporate the limitations brought about by telecommuting10. Managers who have telecommuting employees are also faced with more potential issues such as family conflicts arising from their employee working from home. These conflicts cross the boundary of work and personal life, and almost always negatively impact productivity. Lastly, it is the role of managers to provide organizational support to the telecommuting employee. With the employee be off-site, the manager is usually peculiar(a) to email and telephone to support his employee. This limitation further restricts a managers effectiveness and typically utilizes more of a mana gers time in sorting out support logistic11.Solutions to the managers challenge dissemble setting up a detailed action plan between manager and telecommuting employee. This action plan should be supplemented with an active communication plan12. Once expectations for both parties are clearly outlined in the action plan, both parties can then communicate progress or support needs more efficiently. Moreover, managers can adapt their management styles to telecommuting employees by setting results-based milestones and orienting tasks into projects such that managers still obey control of certain processes13.Technical IssuesNetwork What are the security, bandwidth, and infrastructure implications for the company network to support remote access?Before considering the strategy to deploying remote access for a company, a survey should be do of the surviveing network and sure remote access configurations. Once a complete analysis of the new configuration and future needs are assessed, then the following issues need to be included in your strategy of preparing and deploying the company network for a remote force security, bandwidth, and infrastructure.14Table N1 3 Areas of Security15Internal NetworkUsually the most secure of the three, but still should be reviewed for any fallacies.External Network must secure the PC in the remote location (i.e. firewalls, RSA encryption, etc) to prevent unauthorized access and snooping from the remote location.Remote WorkerLeast secure, must require security policies to be followed about passwords, where to connect, and who to trust.With more remote workers, there will be an increased demand of bandwidth on the network. Will the remote employees be productive with the current infrastructure that your network can provide? Perhaps considerations for upgrading from16FromToDial-up (56K)ISDN (128K-256K)ISDN (128K-256K)T1 (up to 1.5M)T1 (up to1.5M)T3 (44.736 Mbps)With the increase demand more infrastructure will be required for allow ing an increasing number of remote workers to connect to the corporate network (more servers, security computer hardware, and routing hardware).Hardware/Software Needs What are the hardware, home infrastructure, and software licensing needs for the remote exploiter?For the employees who travel often, they are usually provided some mobile computing solutions and they have found ways to work from remote locations. However the new generation of employees, the remote worker will work from the comfort of their home. Working from home brings a new set of issues in to play.HARDWARE* Can the employee keep work and personal items separated?* If not, should the company provide additional hardware?* If the company does NOT provide additional hardware, then how much of the employees hardware can be expensed if upgrades are necessary?* The employee may need/require a fax machine, an additional phone line, or other office equipment.SOFTWARE* Software licensing has be clear-cut as farthermost as how many another(prenominal) computers can use the same license, however what about home workers?* The companys site licensing may not cover home computers and will require the company to pay extra for these licenses.INFRASTRUCTURE* For somebody at home who has a DSL, Cable, or Dial-Up connecting, how much of that should the company pay for?* Support, Support, Support. Who will provide the tending and support?* Is the home PC secure? If not, who will provide the hardware/software in company to secure it? Also consider how much of the companys data should be on the personal machine. What happens if the home PC is hacked? teleworking Variations What are alternative solutions or variations for telecommuting programs?Outlined in this paper is the most common setup for a company to develop telecommuting options for their employees. However most of these configurations allow the employee to use limited resources over the Internet (access to shared folders, documents and e-mail). D epending on the size, the costs of setting up an infrastructure for telecommuting workforce could be unaffordable. The following are other options available to companies who wish to have a telecommuting workforce.Citrix guess or heard about the mainframe days? Well, history tends to repeat itself. As more PCs were fair powerful, we moved forward from the mainframe days. However with the Internet, the paradigm of sharing resources has returned and now software applications and operating systems have the enhanced ability to handle more than one user concurrently. Citrix17 allows concurrent remote users access to a single server that will give a separate session for each user. Each user will have access to the same set applications on one machine. This solves the software licensing issues of working from a remote location as well as reduces amount of maintenance of hardware/software for the IT department. orbiter OfficesCompanies are opening satellite offices to reduce commute times for employees and help alleviate city traffic and parking congestion problems. This will result in reduced land costs since these centers are away from the city where the cost of living is lower.18 Telework centers are similar to a satellite office, but operate by independent parties. Unlike satellite offices, numerous employees use them. Think of these options as outsourcing building/infrastructure issues.Connectivity What are the tools and considerations to accommodate remote network access?In todays information environment, connectivity has become essential for a square portion of the workplace. Access to email, network resources, server applications, and the Internet is a continual activity for the white-collar professional. At a minimum, companies would be well served to support webmail. In much the same vein as approach email (Hotmail, Yahoo), mail is maintained on the company server. This server is then linked to a website, and employees can gain secure access to the comp any server via any browser. Once logged in, an individual has the full functionality of their account to compose, receive, store, and delete email without explicitly needing to connect to the company network. However, there will be a resulting lack of security employees need to be encouraged to create and regularly modify complex passwords, and to close public web sessions. That said, the security risk is only to an individual email account not the company network as a whole.A second logical step for an IT department is to enable virtual(prenominal) surreptitious Networking (VPN). This will allow employees to connect their remote machines to the company network after stimulateing an Internet connection through an ISP. This machine then behaves just as a networked office-located computer. For users maintaining both an office and remote computer, this solution requires any desktop applications be maintained on both systems. To avoid this duality, many users will first establish a VPN connection and then imitate their office computer with built-in Windows 2000 and Windows XP remote desktop tools or 3rd party tools such as VNC19. In essence, the remote machine then acts as a terminal or monitor to the office computer, and the user can run the applications found on that machine without any needs for secondary software. The downside to this solution is that emulation is only as good as the connection speed.Communication How do you allow your employees to communicate electronically and verbally from home?Todays telephone solutions for the telecommuter generally exist of providing an office phone with call-forwarding features to an employees business cell phone an often times reimbursed expense. This avoids some of the problems associated with using a home line for a combination of business, personal, and dial-up use. The office system simplifies contacting an individual (Simply dial an extension and press 7 to connect to the forwarded line rather than maintai ning a constantly changing set of employee contact information).A home line alternative is a distinctive ring system multiple phone numbers (home, office, fax) use a single line with each producing a unique ring that can be directed to an appropriate voice mail box or machine (PC, fax). A second alternative consists of an off-premise-extension (OPX) or foreign exchange (FX) system. While more expensive, these systems truly mimic the office with a separate home line that is identical to an office extension20.Electronic mail is a requirement for most remote users. IT departments can help support employees using multiple computers to access their email by allowing mail to be retained on the company server rather than downloaded to the individual PC. (As an unrelated benefit, this provides much greater redundancy in the event of a computer hard drive crash). Please see the discussion on web mail for more on remote e-mail use. A less intrusive switch to phone conversations is instant messaging. While this has potential for both misuse and unproductive use (where conversation is more efficient), this is often times an ideal mechanism for sharing small tidbits of information and is especially valuable for troubleshooting. A more extensive tool would be the newsgroup in combination with a company intranet. Here, employees can develop an extensive knowledge base of processes, questions and answers.Collaboration What are the tools that foster communication?At the lowest end of the technology spectrum, there is the traditional conference call a virtual audio meeting with many parties. In an effort to fight the inherent isolationism of remote workers, the videoconference personalizes the conference call as participants better nominate with the visual image than the audio. To implement, however, youll need additional webcam hardware, videoconferencing software and a fast Internet connection.Chat rooms (a variation on the aforementioned instant messaging) are suitab le for short discussions or as supplements to a meeting (agenda, minutes, links, data, follow-ups)Web conferencing often includes both videoconferencing and chat room features, but distinguishes itself in that it allows a moderator to emulate his/her desktop to the attendees. Among the forefront of the software leaders in this area is WebEx21.IT Support What are the options and challenges to providing remote employees with technical support?One of the drawbacks to working remotely is the absence of immediate technical support for both idle and complex hardware and software issues. Given that troubleshooting is often a hands-on activity, solving problems for telecommuters is likely to be frustrating and time-consuming. However IT managers can take a number of steps to reduce downtime.* Standardize the equipment and installation. The more alike your users systems are, the better positioned you will be to reproduce and diagnose problems.* Maintain an inventory of back-up equipment in the same way that a car repair shop offers loaner cars.* Set up remote users so their desktops can be emulated by technical support in this way an IT department can provide step by step demonstrations to fix problems* Maintain an easily accessible FAQ and update it with each new problem and solutionManagers may also want to consider outsourcing their technical support requirements. Companies like Voyus22 provide 24 hour help desk support and web-based support applications.Cost How much does deploying a remote workforce cost?The decision that the companies face is how much ownership the company will take for each of the types of telecommuters. For an fooling telecommuter, the employee will more than likely take on the costs. For a heavy telecommuter, the company will credibly need to cover the costs to the employee.Telecommuter TypeFrequencyImplementation Costs InvolvedOccasionalinfrequentlyDial-up, Web-based applicationsRegularScheduled intervalsRemote Connection, 3rd Party Soft ware, Laptop, Firewall, Router.HeavyFrequently to Full Time suffer second computer, VPN connection, ISP costs, other office equipment, maintenance.It is not the technology costs that make or break the telecommuting decision, but its the organizational issues that should benefit the company if deployed properly.ConclusionTelecommuting seems to be the answer to the increased workload versus work/personal life balance issue that many companies are seeking. While there exist many challenges towards implementing a successful telecommuting plan, there also seem to be many virtual(a) solutions. The real issue seems to stem from whether a company will change its processes and standards to allow for telecommuting to co-exist with office employees. Such a decision, as this paper has outlined, is not as simple as providing remote employees with an profit connection. Rather, the decision has significant technical and organizational ramifications that need to be well thought out in the beginnin g implementation otherwise, the company is doomed to make the mistakes of many companies that have haphazardly gone down this path.1 http//www.langhoff.com/faqs.html2 http//www.youcanworkfromanywhere.com/infocenter/facts.htm3 http//www.youcanworkfromanywhere.com/infocenter/facts.htm4 http//www.tfw.org.uk/teleworking/contents.htm5 http//www.langhoff.com/faqs.html6 Pinsonneault, A. (1999). The Impacts of Telecommuting on Organizations and Individuals A go over of the Literature, Cahier du GreSI, 99(9).7 Guimaraes, T., and Dallow, P. (1999). Empiracally Testing the Benefits, Problems, and Success Factors for Telecommuting Programs, European Journal of Information Systems, 8, 40-54.8 Davenport, T.H. and Pearlson, K. (1998). Two Cheers for the Virtual Office, Sloan Management Review, 39(4), 51-65.9 Guimaraes, T., and Dallow, P. (1999). Empiracally Testing the Benefits, Problems, and Success Factors for Telecommuting Programs, European Journal of Information Systems, 8, 40-54.10 Kirvan, P. (1995). How to Manage Systems for Remote Workers, Communications News, 33, 67.11 Kirvan, P. (1995). How to Manage Systems for Remote Workers, Communications News, 33, 67.12 Guimaraes, T., and Dallow, P. (1999). Empiracally Testing the Benefits, Problems, and Success Factors for Telecommuting Programs, European Journal of Information Systems, 8, 40-54.13 Davenport, T.H. and Pearlson, K. (1998). Two Cheers for the Virtual Office, Sloan Management Review, 39(4), 51-65.14 Ascend Communications, 2002, Telecommuting Network Guide A Resource for Planners, Excutives, and Information Managers, http//users.skynet.be/teletravail/PDF/solut_technique.pdf15 Jessica L. Hirsch, 2000, Telecommuting Security Policies and Procedures for the Work-From-Home Workforce, http//www.teleworker.org/articles/telework_security.html16 Bandwidth Savings, 2003, service In Detailed, http//www.bandwidthsavings.net/servicesdetail.cfm17 Citrix.com, 2003, Home Page, http//www.citrix.com18 Hall, Aric, Bilski, Alicia, Wadman, Scott, 2003, Ways People Telecommute, http//members.tripod.com/trom/page3.html19 http//www.uk.research.att.com/vnc20 Wrobel, Leo A., February 1997, face-saving Hints for MIS Managers Supporting Telecommuters and Nomadic Users -Part I Voice Communications, http//www.rewireit.com/articles/w0297.pdf21 http//www.webx.com22 http//www.pcsupport.com/